MASTERE SPECIALISE TUNNELS et OUVRAGES SOUTERRAINS De la conception à l’exploitation Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS Civil engineering in the safety of the Trans-Manche Link Trans-Manche Link Dr Donald Lamont C. Eng. FICE formerly Inspector Channel Tunnel Safety Authority 1
Summary Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Description of the Tunnel and its engineering infrastructure � Trains using the Tunnel � Trains using the Tunnel � Structural and geotechnical monitoring � Fires and the Tunnel structure 2
The Channel Tunnel Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � 3 separate but interconnected tunnels � 2 Running tunnels � Service tunnel � Cross passages every 375 � Cross passages every 375 m approx � Piston relief ducts every 250 m approx � 2 major Crossovers 3
The Channel Tunnel The system – two rail tunnels and a central service tunnel. Two crossovers allow shuttles to pass from one tunnel to another to permit maintenance work in a tunnel interval. Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS The three tunnels lie below the seabed in a layer of rock called ‘chalk marl’ which is impervious to water. The tunnels are lined with reinforced concrete rings. 4
Channel Tunnel - Sections Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Running Tunnels – 7.6m diameter � Mainly precast concrete lining 400 mm thick � Some cast iron lining � Some cast iron lining � Service Tunnel – 4.8 m diameter 5
Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS The Channel Tunnel 6
The Channel Tunnel Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS All three tunnels were excavated using TBMs (Tunnel Boring Machine) which bored their way from France and UK, meeting in the middle of the Channel. Over the 55 km distance tunnelled, the tunnels were only 100 mm out of alignment when they met! 7
Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS Segments used to line the three tunnels 8
Running Tunnel � Power, lighting, Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS signalling and communications � Evacuation walkway � Evacuation walkway � Cooling pipes � Fire hydrants � Track and catenary 9
Channel Tunnel - Crossovers Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Crossover door opens to allow trains to cross between running tunnels during maintenance 10
Service Tunnel Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Safe haven � Maintenance and emergency access � Fire mains � Fire mains � Ventilation � Communications � Public address system 11
Channel Tunnel - CPDS Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Cross passage door � Controls access and between service tunnel and running tunnels � Maintains overpressure � Maintains overpressure in service tunnel – creates a “safe haven” in emergencies 12
Tunnel maintenance Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Track maintenance � Tunnel maintenance – washing train 13
UK Terminal Sand from pumped from the Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS Goodwin Sands to level the terminal before building started. Before the UK terminal was built the area was used as pasture. 14
UK Terminal Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS UK Terminal looking east UK Terminal Looking west 15
Castle Hill and Sugar Loaf Hill Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � 2 separate hills through which Tunnel passes near UK Terminal � Linked by cut and � Linked by cut and cover tunnels for security reasons During 16
Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS UK Terminal 17
Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS UK Terminal 18
Security and Safety Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Euroscan � X-ray of HGVs � Emergency siding � Fire fighting � Blast protection 19
UK Terminal Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � UK Control building � Railway Control centre � Incident control centre � Engineering Management System Management System � Fire & Emergency Management Centre 20
French Terminal Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Built on waterlogged land outside Calais. � Land drained and stabilised to create the huge terminal. huge terminal. � Water put into lagoons for birds and other wildlife to enjoy. � Much larger than in UK 21
French Terminal Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Similar facilities to UK � Different layout 22
French Terminal Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � FLOR Station � FLOR - First Line Of Response � Tunnel maintenance yard 23
French Terminal Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � View from overbridge down loading ramp to ramp to platforms 24
Sangatte Shaft Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Shaft originally used as working shaft during construction � Now acts as � Now acts as ventilation shaft 25
Passager Facilities Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � French Passenger Terminal Building. 26
Regulation of the Tunnel Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Safety of the Tunnel is the responsibility of the Comité de Sécurité du Tunnel sous La Manche or Channel Tunnel Safety Authority � A bi-national authority alternating � A bi-national authority alternating chairmanship � Working groups civil engineering and fixed equipment, rescue and public safety, railway safety and technology, health and safety 27
Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS The Trains 28
Trains and Rolling Stock Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Dedicated locomotives � 2 locos per train � ~7MW power � Truck shuttles � Truck shuttles � 2 types � 28 per train 29
Trains and Rolling Stock Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Typical freight shuttle – HGVs on lattice sided wagons. AMC and loader wagon in rake � Typical tourist shuttle – fully enclosed wagons � 30 minutes fire resistance 30
Trains and Rolling stock � Tourist shuttles Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Single deck for buses, caravans � 1 bus per shuttle � 14 shuttles per rake � 14 shuttles per rake � Double deck for cars � 5 or 6 cars per deck � 2 rakes per train 31
Trains and Rolling stock � Tourist shuttle interior Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Fire detection and extinguishing system � Fuel spill detection � Exhaust fume ventilation � Exhaust fume ventilation 32
Trains and Rolling stock � Eurostars Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � National railways freight 33
Channel Tunnel - Ventilation Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � 2 ventilation systems � Normal Ventilation System � Feeds air to service tunnel and hence into running tunnels running tunnels � Supplementary Ventilation System � Smoke control in running tunnels 34
Ventilation Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � 4 ventilation stations � NVS + SVS on both terminals � 2 fans per station � 2 fans per station 35
TITRE DU MODULE ET TITRE DU COURS Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS Structural and Geotechnical Monitoring 36
Structural Monitoriong Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � There is a large and challenging range of structural forms and materials to be monitored � There is a formal monitoring strategy for both � There is a formal monitoring strategy for both the tunnels and terminals 37
Monitoring Strategy - principles Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � A unified system of monitoring and response on UK and French side based on the combination of good practice from both countries countries 38
Monitoring Strategy - principles Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Continuous programme of monitoring so that all parts of the tunnels and relevant terminal structures are inspected at agreed frequency – 6 years. 6 years. � “Sensitive” areas inspected more frequently 39
Monitoring Strategy - principles Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Must allow development of faults to be tracked over time � Must allow remedial work to be prioritised and tracked and tracked � from identifying need for work to be done to completion of work 40
Monitoring Strategy - principles Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Register of assets � Periodic review of instrumentation to take account of failure, abandonment and timely replacement of instruments replacement of instruments � Alarm thresholds set � Materials and corrosion testing 41
Monitoring Strategy - practice Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS � Continuous programme of monitoring so that all parts of the tunnels and relevant terminal structures are inspected at agreed frequency – 6 years. 6 years. � “Sensitive” areas inspected more frequently 42
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