VSB � Technical University of Ostrava Faculty of Safety Engineering Fire Order in Prague (1350, Latin) obligatory help during fire Economic, Farm, Police and Town Rules content Fire Codes about behaviour of subjects and feudalists Petr Kučera Meeting of CTIF Commission “Fire Prevention” 21 st July 2009 in Ostrava Problem with spread of fire between building Problem with spread of fire between building 19 th Century Fire Brigades Fire Brigades – – voluntary and professional voluntary and professional Problem of spread inside building Problem of spread inside building � � New Rules and Codes New Rules and Codes Used of plastic materials (toxicity, flammability) Used of plastic materials (toxicity, flammability) � � Internal fitting (electrical set, air condition) Internal fitting (electrical set, air condition) � � Thin Thin* *wall profile (steel construction) wall profile (steel construction) � � Installation of fire safety equipments Installation of fire safety equipments � � Space dimensions, Space dimensions, h high igh* *rise building rise building,… ,… � � � Prevent a risk lives of people Prevent a risk lives of people � about fire safety (several times revised) about fire safety (several times revised) in the building in the building notice about fire prevention notice about fire prevention notice about technical conditions of fire notice about technical conditions of fire safety of buildings safety of buildings � Prevention of fire spread Prevention of fire spread � in the building in the building � Prevention of fire spread Prevention of fire spread � to the nearby building to the nearby building � Protection of fire Protection of fire � intervention (fire brigade) intervention (fire brigade) 1
Fire protection of buildings (FPB) Definitions of fire test standard and assessment of requirement properties CSN 73 0802 Non*industrial buildings CSN EN a CSN EN ISO (about 36 standards) CSN 73 0804 Industrial buildings General requirements CSN 73 0810 Fire classification of construction products and building elements (e.g. classification using test data from reaction to fire tests) * CSN EN CSN 73 0831 Assembly rooms CSN 73 0833 Buildings for dwelling and lodging Changes of buildings CSN 73 0834 Chosen values of fire technical properties (e.g. values of fire resistance, heat values) * CSN CSN 73 0835 Buildings for sanitary maters and social care Storage rooms CSN 73 0845 Technical conditions of fire safety facilities OTHERS… (e.g. equipment for fire*water supply) * CSN Bounded space of building with fire dividing constructions � Partition to fire compartments Costs Damages � Determination of fire risk � Level of fire safety (construction) � Dimension of fire compartment (verification) � Requirement to building constructions OPTIMUM � Escape routes � Safety distances � Building equipments � Conditions for fire intervention Area S [m 2 ] FPB – industrial buildings Probability index of fire origin and fire spread computing fire load ….. p v [kg.m �2 ] No acceptable expressive of theoretical intensity of fire and FPB expressive of theoretical intensity of fire and FPB area Conversion of heat value all Acceptable flammability material in fire area compartment to nominal heat value of wood Probability index of extent of the fire damages 2
p n [kg.m �2 ] – combustible materials (facilities) p v = p . a . b . c [kg.m *2 ] Factor of fire safety equipments Fire load Factor of rate of burning [kg.m *2 ] (structural conditions) Annex A.1 CSN 73 0802 p n Factor of rate burning [ [ [ [ kg.m -2 ] ] ] ] p = p n + p s Type of duty (character of flammability materials) Accidental fire Office 40 Library 120 load p n Boardroom, Bank hall 20 Dance hall 15 Chemist 60 Accidental fire Steady fire Perfumery 60 NO paint of technological load [kg.m *2 ] load [kg.m *2 ] Ironmonger s 30 arrangement Boiler-room 15 Cloak-room 50 Coefficient expressive rate of burning in term p S [kg.m �2 ] – combustible materials ( construction ) of character of combustible material Combustible door, windows, floor, lining… a s = 0,9 (constant) .. . p a + p a = n n s s a coefficient NO fire dividing and load + p p of steady fire load bearing construction n s a n Type of duty Table 1 CSN 73 0802 Steady fire a n � Annex A1 CSN 73 0802 1,0 Office 0,7 load p s � calculation Library p s p s p s 0,9 Boardroom, Bank hall Area of room window door floor coefficient 1,2 Dance hall [ [ [ [ kg.m -2 ] ] ] ] [ kg.m -2 ] [ [ [ ] ] ] [ [ kg.m -2 ] [ [ ] ] ] 1,1 of accidental fire load Chemist 1,15 Perfumery to 500 m 2 3,0 2,0 5,0 0,8 Ironmonger s above 500 to 1000 m 2 1,5 1,0 5,0 1,1 Boiler-room above 1000 m 2 0,7 0,5 5,0 1,0 Cloak-room COEFFICIENT EXPRESSIVE FIRE SAFETY EQUIPMENTS Coefficient expressive rate of burning in term of construction conditions (influence venting) Value this coefficient always c ≤ ≤ 1 ≤ ≤ (c = 1 …. It means than there isn t fire safety equipments) Values c 1 until c 4 no count up range Area fire compartment coefficient k ⇒ It is possible used only one coefficient 0,5 ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ b ≤ ≤ ≤ 1,7 ≤ At every combination fire safety equipments . S k = b ⇒ It is possible to reduce value of coefficient c (in %) . S h o o Tables Coeff. c Equipments Range CSN 73 0802 Area window Heigh window c 1 Fire detection 0,7 – 1,0 tab. 2 in external walls and roof c 2 Fire brigade 0,5 – 0,95 tab. 3 a 4 c 3 Sprinkler 0,5 – 0,8 tab. 5 c 4 Exhaust of smoke 0,6 – 0,9 tab. 6 3
Advantages utilization this coefficient Probably time fire duration ….. τ τ [min] τ τ 1) Reduction of fire risk (i.e. fire load) 2) Expansion of limiting dimension of fire compartment There is fire intensity that 3) Expansion of limiting dimension of size exit is characterized by probably ways in this fire compartment fire duration τ τ τ τ and corresponding probably temperature of combustion gases T g Temperature of gases in burning spaces T g according to venting parameter F 0 [m 1/2 ] „REACTION TO FIRE TESTS“ CSN EN 13501-1 Fire classification of construction products and building elements dividing to 7 classes (A1, A2, B, C, D, E, F) CSN 73 0863 Determination of flame propagation along the surface of building materials index of flame spread i s (mm/min) Classification using test data CSN EN 13501-2 from resistance fire tests � Classification time of fire resistance [min]: 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360 � Limiting states: R capacity and stability E integrity I isolation function – limitation of temperature in no heated surface W limiting density of thermal flow in in no heated side S transmission of smoke products (smoke resistant) C self*closing facilities XX others parameters 4
SHEATH OF PLASTERBOARDS REACTION TO THE FIRE A2 QUESTION Is it material of construction flammability? SHEATH OF PLASTERBOARDS REACTION TO THE FIRE A2 ISOLATION ANY METAL CARIER ELEMENTS YES REACTION TO FIRE REACTION TO THE FIRE A1 * It influences to capacity of elements * If effects to fire severity WOOD SHEATHING REACTION TO THE FIRE C or D ISOLATION ANY WOOD CARRIER ELEMENTS DP1 DP2 DP3 REACTION TO FIRE C or D REACTION TO FIRE capacity no yes yes fire severity no no yes ISOLATION ANY WOOD CARRIER ELEMENTS REACTION TO FIRE REACTION TO FIRE C or D Constructional system of building forms: � Carrier construction ensuring stability of building Vertical and horizontal construction must be DP1 � Fire dividing construction Example: Brickwork building with concrete, ceramic or combined ceiling (steel beam + ceramic boards) Vertical construction must be DP1 Variant 1) Variant 1) Variant 2) Variant 2) Horizontal construction can be DP2 Vertical and horizontal carrier Some vertical and horizontal carrier construction and fire dividing DP2 construction and fire dividing DP3 Example: Building with wood beam ceiling with subfloor and plaster soffit 5
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