Water Filter for Safest Drinking- A Revolutionary Invention Beyond Expectation Dr. Shahida Akhter Professor Neonatal Unit Department of Pediatrics BIRDEM 1
Objective Dissemination of information about a, yet poorly addressed Miracle Filter- the SONO filter Rationale: HEV is a significant health problem for pregnant mothers and fetuses, AND till date this is the only known filter that can remove this virus 2
HEV: the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis in the developing worlds The overall burden - highest in parts of the world where clean drinking water is scarce, as fecal contamination of drinking water is a major route of transmission 3
HEV is the leading cause of enterically- transmitted viral hepatitis Hepatitis E as sporadic disease or outbreaks have occurred in at least sixty three countries about half of these countries have reported large outbreaks (Aggarwal, 2010) 4
HEV infections may be endemic A global burden of disease study estimated that HEV genotypes 1 and 2 account for approximately 20.1 million incident HEV infections, 3.4 million cases of symptomatic disease, 70,000 deaths, and 3,000 stillbirths (Rein, 2012) . 5
HEV genotype 1 is associated with fulminant hepatitis and death in pregnant women and persons with pre-existing CLD. • HEV infection in pregnant women is typically severe during the third trimester of pregnancy (Kumar, 2004; Khuroo, 2003) • Mortality rates among pregnant women in the third trimester range from 10%-25%. 6
• The causes of death include fulminant liver failure and obstetric complications including excessive bleeding (Hussaini, 1997; Tsega, 1993) 7
South Asia: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Genotype 1 disease Seroprevalence 10-40% High mortality among pregnant women and 12 Afghanistan persons with liver disease High stillbirth in hepatitis E (35-90%) Waterborne outbreaks common 8
Waterborne diseases of Public Health interest Infectious 1. Rota diarrhea (several strains) 2. Enteric fevers (Typhoid, Paratyphoids, other Salmonella) 3. Hepatitis A 4. Hepatitis E 5. E. coli diarrhea 6. Cholera 7. Poliomyelitis … 9
Non-infectious waterborne diseases Non-infectious 1. Arsenicosis (Keratosis, Melanosis, Keratomelanosis, skin cancer, liver Mucus membrane melanosis degeneration…) 2. Neurotoxicosis by Mangenese 10
Vaccines available 1. Rotavirus 2. Hepatitis A 3. Typhoid (out of market now) 4. E.coli & cholera 5. Poliomyelitis (bought by government) Till date no vaccine against Hepetitis E, Which is a threat to pregnant mothers & their fetuses 11
Vaccines: doses consumed + cost Vaccine Cost per Doses Doses # of patients Cost in 5 yrs dose Consu consume vaccinated in 5 (BDT) (BDT) med / d in 5 yrs yrs month Rota 1500 9,700 582,000 242,520 8,730,00,000 (8000+1700) Hepatitis A 800/ 1,500 90,000 45,000 91,800,000 (800+700) (ch/ad) 1000 Cholera 1500 1200 7,2000 21,000 108,000,000 308,520 Typhoid Out of Total 1,072,800,000 market Cost in 5 yrs (BDT in billion): 1.07 / 13.41million USD 12
• Arsenic filter available, but costly, difficult to avail by the poor • No filter removes Manganese 13
What do we do? 1. Boil water for at least 20 minutes 2. Filter 3. Take vaccines whenever possible 4. Often we bathe our young children with boiled water !!!Forget about the volume/cost of Natural gas spent for boiling this billions of Liters of water!!! SONO filter is the solution 14
What SONO filter is? What is it doing? Journey of SONO in short 15
ARSENIC MITIGATION THROUGH FILTRATION Zero Valent Iron (Fe o ) - Composite Iron Matrix (CIM) Based on Fe 0 (1999) Based on CIM (2002) Based on CIM (2006) 1000L/hr Based on CIM (2007) 16
COMPOSITE IRON MATRIX (CIM) : Composite Iron Granules (CIG) POROSITY 50 – 60 % PROCESSED Granular CI CI, LCS, CL, LCS, HCS HCS CI, LCS, HCS: CAST IRON, LOW AND HIGH CARBON STEEL CIM - Fe 92-94%, C 4-5%, SiO 2 1-2%, Mn 1-2%, S.P 1-2% 17 17
Drinking water inorganic quality parameters: Comparison of SONO 3-Kolshi and SONO filter with international and national standards. Results include independent test results by WS Atkins. 3-Kolshi was approved by the Bangladesh Arsenic Mitigation Water Supply Project, BG for household use. Constituent USEPA WHO, Bangladesh 3-Kolshi Sono Bucket (MCL) Guideline Water b Filter Water b Arsenic (total)- mg/L 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.003-0.018 0.003-0.020 Iron (total) - mg/L 0.2 ± 0.02 0.3 0.3 0.3 (1.0) 0.08 - 0.49 7.74 ± 0.1 7.7 ± 0.1 pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 26.7 ± 3.1 Sodium - mg/L 200 19 - 25 59.1 ± 7.5 Calcium - mg/L 75 (200) 5 - 87 Copper - mg/L 1.3 1.0 - 2.0 1.5 0.005 <0.002 Manganese - mg/L 0.05 0.1 - 0.5 0.1 (0.5) <0.001 <0.01 Zinc - mg/L 5 3.0 5 (15) 0.01 <0.007 Aluminum -mg/L 0.05-0.2 0.2 0.1(0.2) 0.03 <0.022 Lead -mg/L 0.015 0.01 0.10 0.006 <0.004 Chromium, mg/L 0.1 0.05 0.05 <0.002 <0.002 Cadmium, mg/L 0.005 0.003 0.01 <0.001 <0.001 0.063 ± 0.01 Barium, mg/L 2.0 0.7 1.0 <0.082 Antimony, mg/L 0.006 0.005 <0.013 <0.013 Molybdenum, mg/L 0.07 0.003 <0.002 Nickel, mg/L 0.1 0.02 <0.002 <0.002 Selenium, mg/L 0.05 0.01 <0.012 <0.002 Silver, mg/L 0.1 <0.002 <0.002 Chloride, mg/L 250 250 200 (600) 10 - 40 2.0- 12.2 18
Drinking water inorganic quality parameters: Comparison of SONO 3- Kolshi & SONO filter with international and national standards. WHO,Guideline 3-Kolshi Water Sono Constituent USEPA (MCL) Bangladesh Bucket Filter Water b Arsenic (total)- 0.05 0.003- 0.003- 0.01 0.01 mg/L 0.018 0.020 Manganese 0.1 (0.5) <0.001 <0.01 - mg/L 0.05 0.1 - 0.5 19
SONO TM Arsenic Filter at Work : 4000 ppb to 7 ppb As Green marked As free tube well 4000 ppb 7 ppb 80xWHO recom Jagassar, Bheramara, Bangladesh 20
Victim of Ground Water Arsenic Poisoning Kabir Kabir 8 years at 12 yrs, 4 yrs after SONO water drinking 21
Technical Performance Interim Report, October 2008 22
BACTERIA IN TUBEWELL WATER? [1] Levine R. Failure of sanitary well to protect against cholera and other diarrhoeas in Bangladesh . Lancet. 1976 ; ii:86–89. [2] M. S. Islam,1 A. Siddika,1 M. N. H. Khan,1 M. M. Goldar,1 M. A. Sadique,1 A. N. M. H. Kabir,1 Anwar Huq,2,3 and R. R. Colwell* , Microbiological Analysis of Tube-Well Water in a Rural Area of Bangladesh . Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001 July; 67(7): 3328–3330. 23
The CIM in combination with sand, gravel, and charcoal produced the SONO filter. Tested by three Environmental Technology Verification projects for Arsenic Mitigation (ETVAM) and Won the 2007 Grainger Challenge Gold Prize for Sustainability from the US National Academy of Engineering (NAE) 24
25
12/20/2015
Filter Production: Max 200 per Day Quality Control: Particle size (sieve) Fe in raw and processed CIG As(III), As(T), Fe(II) (Ca + Mg) – Hardness Testing Conductivity, Turbidity, Redox Potential, Flow rate 27 27
SONO Filter Use Information 49 districts 3,00,000 SONO filters 50 liter/day consume for 4-5 years. About 2 million total beneficiaries. Billions of liter safe water was consumed and the filters continue to work. 29
Arsenic Crisis and SONO Filter Arsenic crisis no specific geological features. 30
SONO FI LTER PRODUCTI ON AND TRAI NI NG I N NEPAL
US patent 8,404,210 Abul Hussam, Iron composition based water filtration system for the removal of chemical species containing Arsenic and other metal cations and anions March 26, 2013 32
SUBSEQUENT RESEARCH STUDIES Removal of viruses by SONO filtration technologies Patent Description US Patent Application No.: 61089143 Filing Date: 15-Aug-2008 First Named Inventor: Abul Hussam Professor and Director Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Center for Clean Water and Sustainable Technologies George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA Docket No. GMU-09-008P 33
Hypothesis CIM could remove RNA viruses, such as MS2 bacteriophage from a solution
Result + + + + + + 1000 900 800 700 600 Control 500 400 CIM 300 200 100 0 5 10 15 30 45 60
Conclusion CIM is able to remove 99.995% of MS2 bacteriophage from water in ∼ 15 min
Also there are unpublished reports on its successful removal of E. coli and Salmonella 37
The CIM has inherent properties to remove coliform bacteria and viruses from water at the level of drinking water quality. A patent is filed for the later: Removing Viruses from Drinking Water, US Provisional Patent Application No.: 61089143; Filed by George Mason Intellectual Properties Inc. 38
Price of SONO filter • 3,500 BDT (45 USD) • Cost: <0.001 Tk/L (1USD=80 BDT) • Life: minimum 5 yrs 39
SONO Filters: between 2001& Aug 2015 • >400,000 SONO installed in Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, India, Egypt, Burkina Faso, USA • 60-180 L/day consumed for 2- 9 yr • > 1 million direct beneficiaries • >1 Billion liter consumed and continues 40
AQUATIC CHEMISTRY OF ARSENIC IN GROUNDWATER 41
Thank you 42
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