ISU – SSP 2014 Evening René Jr. Landry 18 September 2013 International Space University – Space Studies Program Team Project Proposal 1 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project
OUTLINES 1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS 2. REVIEW ON SPACE DEBRIS ACTIVITIES 3. REVIEW OF SPACE VEHICLES TECHNOLOGIES 4. GLANCE ON ISU-SSP 2014 AMOOS PROJECT 5. CONCLUSION 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 2
1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS A. Satellites lifetime Dead satellites on graveyard orbits. (Images from US Air Force, public domain) B. Space debris Various Space Debris (Images from OOBJECT and ECLIPSE TOURS ) 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 3
1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS MOON A.1 – Satellites Quick Facts ~384 000 Km ~10x GEO LEO MEO HEO GEO (35 784 Km) AMOOS PHASE II AMOOS PHASE I (MEO / GEO) (LEO) 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 4
1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS LEO : ~200 to 2000km Note : Return trip Montréal-Québec : ~500 Km 1 x Mtl to Qc to 4 x Return trip Mtl-Qc 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 5
1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS A.1 – Satellites Quick Facts Definition : Thermosphere : ~80 to 500km (gases drag) Exosphere : ~500 to 2000km LEO : Satellite speed : ~7.8 km/s Satellite period : ~90min Total number of operating Distribution of satellites in different orbits (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2012) 1071 satellites (May 2013) 523 (48.8%) LEO LEO is an important MEO 75 (0.07%) region for Space/Satellite ELLIPTICAL 38 (0.03%) Applications 435 (40.6%) GEO (Source: Union of Concerned Scientists, May 2013) 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 6
1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS A.1 – Satellites Quick Facts Estimates of costs factors during Cost Range satellites life cycle Conception $50M - $250M Launch $100M - $200M Insurance $50M - $150M Maintenance Multi-millions dollars Ground monitoring Multi-millions dollars (Source: EXAMINER, 2009) Distribution of satellites by applications (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2012) Satellite On-Orbit Servicing is economically and commercially viable ! Several studies: [36]-[41] 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 7
1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS A.2 – Potential Subsystems Failures Components failures / limitations Fuel propellant: limited capacity, loss of fuel Nowadays : ~70% Solar array drive / panels: degradations, malfunctions satellite end-of-life from lost of energy source Power modules: battery cells failures Communication modules: redundant anomalies Antenna: transmitter failures Payload or Sensor anomalies Sources: NORDIC SPACE and LANDSAT Satellite End-of-Life Concept Constellation End-of-Life Policy Until the absolute end of its on-board fuel, January 1998, US DoD or until Power source of spacecraft fails, 1. LEO will burn within 25 years (re-entry) or until all on-board instruments fail. 2. GEO in graveyard at 36400km Sources : 13th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 8
1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS A.3 – Satellites end-of-life issues Due to these factors: LEO Servicing constraints: LEO Satellites have useful on-orbit Limited maintenance capabilities lifespan of 1 to 8 years. High risky repair Manned missions Interested facts : Nowadays, satellite technologies are extremely robust … LEO Satellites could have : Hubble Space - a complete new life Telescope - new sources of energy 4 Servicing Missions - new functions since 1990 with On-Orbit Servicing ! Still in operation ! 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 9
B. Space debris issues Feb. 2009, the scene was at 800km above Siberia. In the explosion, Iridium 33 and Kosmos 2251 are completely destroyed. Generation of ~800 new Space Debris ! In July 1996, le satellite Cerise Satellite was damaged with an Ariane debris (launched 10 years ago) On March 2008, Jules Verne ATV was launched in LEO. Seven month after, perfect reentry degradation. Daily manoeuver of the ISS 9/19/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 10
B. Space debris issues 9/19/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 11
1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 12
1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS 56 years later … Source: NASA 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 13
1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS B.1 – Evolution of Space Debris FACT 1: 6578 satellites launched since Sputnik-1 (source UCS, May 2013) Only ~800 active Satellites today ! FACT 2: >95% of tracked object population are debris Source: NORDIC SPACE 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 14
1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS ? B.1 – Evolution of Space Debris Space debris population in LEO (2013) : > 14,000 objects > 10cm Tracked with Radar > 300,000 objects 1-10cm No tracking, no shielding ! > 30 Million objects < 1cm Ex.: Kevlar shielding Micro debris : Eye view Micro debris : Zoom Source: NORDIC SPACE 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 15
1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS B.1 – Evolution of Space Debris For fifty years, the primary source of all of the junk came from objects that exploded by accident. Except Fengyan-1C ! + 3000 new large debris (intentional anti-satellite test missile) The Chinese mission was a success ! 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 16
1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS B.2 – Sources of Space Debris MAN MADE PAM-D debris (2002, Saudi Arabia ) Ariane V payload (2009, Mexico) Mission-related debris Rocket bodies Abandoned spacecraft Fragmentation debris 19% 17% 22% 42% Breakup Collisional Deterioration Explosions fragments fragments products Exhaust Objects released in Refuse from products Deployment & Mission Operations Human Missions Delta rocket debris(2013, Zimbabwe) Source: Space Academy Australia and Images taken from ECLIPSE TOURS 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 17
1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS B.3 – Problematic of Space Debris (Part I) 1-mm diameter aluminum sphere moving at a velocity of 10 km/s will pierce a 4-mm thick aluminum wall Source: Ecolocalizer.com, Null-Hypothesis.co.uk, and Science.nasa.gov 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 18
1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS B.3 – Problematic of Space Debris (Part II) Space debris production and dangers : In-orbit collisions with other debris or spacecraft In-orbit explosions LEO orbit congestions Hypervelocity collisions and high kinetic energy releases Smallest debris pass through protection hulls of satellites structures (avg. 10km/sec) Scattering radioactive fallouts can contaminate the space and ground. Very complex and expensive process to deal with Space Debris ! 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 19
1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS B.3 – Problematic of Space Debris (Part III) Space debris generation and population: Kessler Syndrome (Donald J. Kessler, Nasa) Unpredictability of small debris collisions Reduction of Astronaut Outdoor mission Extension of graveyard orbits Long debris lifetime in orbits LEO orbit congestions: Orbital debris increasingly span large space orbit Difficulty to track smallest orbital debris (< 10cm) In a short term, ISS will become inoperable ! Source: Liou, 2011 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 20
1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS B.3 – Problematic of Space Debris (Part III) 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 21
1. INTRODUCTION TO MAIN PROBLEMATICS AMOOS Project : A Call for Action MISSION Use of a low cost UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) for Autonomous On-Orbit Satellite Servicing MAIN OBJECTIVES Great Opportunity : 1- To extend satellites lifetime and performance Significant environment impact Solution to an urgent On-orbit servicing (maintenance, replacement, etc.) International problem Repair critical satellite faulty subsystem Several economic outcomes New energy sources (refuel, battery, solar panel, etc.) ↑ Canada/ÉTS reputation in Update functions, missions or add new technology Space Activities 2- To help removing space debris 3- To bring small payload in space Help de-orbiting old satellites or debris Put small satellite / payload in orbit Cargo back on earth Use the UAV as a scientific laboratory Execute other debris removal techniques 19/09/2013 ISU SSP 2014 | Team Project Proposal | AMOOS Project 22
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