Tree Breeding for Forest Health – Current Successes How can Biotechnology Help? Richard A. Sniezko USDA Forest Service Dorena Genetic Resource Center Cottage Grove, OR rsniezko@fs.fed.us R.Sniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12, 2017 webinar http://nas- Port-Orford-cedar & Phytophthora lateralis sites.org/dels/studies/forest-biotech/ 7 - Western white pine & White pine blister rust
Information Brief • Requested Overview : my work in breeding trees to address forest health concerns • What gaps, if any, exist in traditional breeding that may be addressed by biotechnology • What are the logistics of apply biotechnology tools in the content of tree breeding R.Sniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12, 2017 webinar http://nas- sites.org/dels/studies/forest-biotech/ 7 -
Invasion Phytophthora austrocedrae CLIMATE CHANGE Chestnut blight Rapid ohia death White pine blister rust WHO ARE YOU GOING CALL? Phytophthora cinnamomi 1000 canker disease Sudden oak death USDA Forest Service -Genetics & FHP & partners Solution R.Sniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12, 2017 webinar http://nas-sites.org/dels/studies/forest-biotech/ 7 -
Saving the Forests – ACTION NEEDED ! • Exclude new pests or pathogens! • Confine spread or eradicate • Biocontrol • Silvicultural management • Harness Genetic Resistance • Restoration/Reforestation needed ‘ Early detection – Rapid Response – more tools needed! R.Sniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12, 2017 webinar http://nas-sites.org/dels/studies/forest-biotech/ 7 -
Envision the Future • How to help shape the future for society? • Do nothing • Do something • Genetics is the key or R.Sniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12, 2017 webinar http://nas- Dying forest Healthy forest sites.org/dels/studies/forest-biotech/ 7 -
GOAL • Want trees to be on the landscape for 100’s of years • And be progenitors of future generations • Don’t want start massive restoration effort with ‘temporary’ resistance • (e.g. , any non-durable major gene resistances) • Use all available types of resistance R.Sniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12, 2017 webinar http://nas- sites.org/dels/studies/forest-biotech/ 7 -
Using Genetics for Forest Health - The road to success Research Tree SUCCESS Reforestation or Improvement Restoration Management Commitment over Time Time Successful program takes several components – all must be present R.Sniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Partnerships, public support and ‘time’ also essential Healthy Dec 12, 2017 webinar http://nas- Continuity essential – long-term commitments can be vital sites.org/dels/studies/forest-biotech/ 7 -
BACKGROUND 26 years* in Applied/Operational Development of Resistance - For Restoration or Reforestation • EXISTING PROGRAMS – WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST – 8 western N.A. species of 5- needle (‘white’) pines – WWP & SP since 1991 – PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT DISEASE – Port-Orford-cedar (since ~1993, designed/initiated operational program in 1997) – KOA WILT – koa (designed/initiated in 2003) • POSSIBLE NEW PROGRAMS? – Sudden oak death (SOD) – tanoak – Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a death (ROD) - ‘Ōhi‘a • *Dorena GRC program has been active for 51 years R.Sniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12, 2017 webinar http://nas-sites.org/dels/studies/forest-biotech/ 7 -
Solution: GENETIC RESISTANCE • ‘Green’, natural solution to a disease problem • Is there genetic resistance? – Is there ‘tolerance’? – Resistance vs. tolerance • What types and levels of resistance are available? • What level is needed? • What level is achievable? • Correlations with other adaptive traits? • Impacts of climate change on resistance? • Is it durable resistance? • Tree Improvement – producing seed R.Sniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12, 2017 webinar http://nas- sites.org/dels/studies/forest-biotech/ 7 -
RESISTANCE: North American Examples • Major Gene Resistance – Sugar pine* (Kinloch) – Western white pine* (Barnes/Sniezko/Kinloch) – Southwestern white pine & limber pine (Kinloch/Sniezko) – Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko) • Quantitative Resistance (partial resistance) – All 9 N.A. white pine species? (Hoff/Sniezko/Kinloch…) – Port-Orford-cedar (Sniezko) • Other/unknown – Koa (Dudley/Sniezko) R.Sniezko- NAS Biotechnology for *virulence in pathogen (vcr1, vcr2) now limits utility in Forest Healthy Dec 12, 2017 webinar http://nas- some areas sites.org/dels/studies/forest-biotech/ 7 -
Resistance Types and Levels (Note: generally no 100% resistant orchard mixes) % MORTALITY (family means) in Resistance Trial* Major Gene Resistance Partial Resistance (quantitative resistance) (Single dominant gene) R.Sniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12, 2017 webinar *greenhouse root dip test http://nas-sites.org/dels/studies/forest-biotech/ 7 -
The fate of Major Gene Resistance in forestry???? FIELD TRIALS ARE ESSENTIAL – Region 6 has largest array of field trials of any program in N.A. (for resistance to non-native pathogen-native forest R.Sniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12, 2017 webinar http://nas- trees). Long-term field trials are essential part of resistance program. sites.org/dels/studies/forest-biotech/ 7 -
Conclusion #1 • Tree Breeding is the key – Is Biotech useful w/o tree breeding/tree improvement support? • NO – need integrating, not piecemeal solution – More support for Tree Breeding is needed • Very precarious status • More Support for Tree Breeding (resistance) institutes needed – or no need for biotech? • One model: Dorena GRC – 50 years celebration in 2016 R.Sniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12, 2017 webinar http://nas- sites.org/dels/studies/forest-biotech/ 7 -
Conclusion#2 • Tree Breeder’s Biotech tool ‘wish’ list: – Help define what is durable resistance – Develop biomarkers for rapid resistance evaluation – Speed up breeding (‘insert’ genes….?) – Use ‘new’ of genes (chestnut example?), properly vetted – Tools to help determine genetic control & mechanisms of resistance – are similar phenotypes controlled by same genes/alleles? – Develop biocontrols? Utility of endophytes, ….. in combination with quantitative resistance And needs to be inexpensive, easy to use, …. R.Sniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12, 2017 webinar http://nas- sites.org/dels/studies/forest-biotech/ 7 -
What is the timeframe for breeding a tree to address pest/pathogen pressures? • Depends on the species – And level of resistance ‘needed’ – And when ‘serious’ effort is made • Depends on the background research – Port-Orford-cedar example • Original thought: ‘ NO RESISTANCE’ ? – Whitebark pine example • Originally thought: ‘MOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIES’ ? – Koa example – Sugar pine & western white pine examples R.Sniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12, 2017 webinar http://nas- sites.org/dels/studies/forest-biotech/ 7 -
How fast can a program proceed?* KOA WILT RESISTANCE Maunawili Trial 07-01 Percentage Mortality OVERALL for 23 Families/Provenances TIMELINE : 100 1999: koa provenance trial at Maunawillli a 90 ab 2003 : Sniezko, R. 2003 . Potential for selecting a-c a-c 80 for genetic resistance to F. oxysporum (koa a-c a-c a-c a-c wilt) in koa for conservation, restoration and 70 a-c utilization in Hawaii . Trip Report (8/23/2003). % mortality a-d a-d Cottage Grove: OR. USDA Forest Service, Dorena 60 a-d a-d Genetic Resource Center. 13 p a-d a-d 50 a-d a-d 2007 : First inoculation trial confirmation of 40 a-d Acacia koa family variation in resistance to b-d FOX Y, the putative causative agent of koa wilt in 30 cd Hawaii (Dudley, Sniezko, James, Cannon, unpub) 20 2008-2017 : Evaluate 100’s of families, setup seed d 10 orchards, setup seed zones, produce first seed. d PROBLEM SOLVED? 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 *Limitation: Continuity of Funding & staff Maunawili provenance trial Oahu Ko'olau Mts. R.Sniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12, 2017 webinar http://nas-sites.org/dels/studies/forest-biotech/ 7 - provenance
What are the effects of traditional breeding on local genetic diversity and local adaptation in forests? LITTLE OR NONE (if done right and lucky)? Do those effects differ, and if so how, from the effects of genetic engineering on local genetic diversity and local adaptation in forests? POSSIBLY , but minimized if GE efforts fully engaged with tree breeders at a very early stage R.Sniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12, 2017 webinar http://nas- sites.org/dels/studies/forest-biotech/ 7 -
WHITEBARK PINE (white pine blister rust resistance) OBJECTIVE White pine blister rust resistant whitebark pine seed that is 1) Resistant to WPBR 2) Locally adapted 3) Genetically diverse (seed from parent trees in forest or from orchards) **Make selections from each zone** NOTE: only Oregon & Washington portion of geographic range is shown – programs vary somewhat by Region R.Sniezko- NAS Biotechnology for Forest Healthy Dec 12, 2017 webinar http://nas- sites.org/dels/studies/forest-biotech/ 7 -
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