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The UN Forum on Sustainability Standards (UNFSS) Intergovernmental Forum of Dialogue on Voluntary Sustainability Standards ICCO Workshop, Douala, Cameroon June 24-27, 2013 Working group guide 2 2 2 2


  1. The ¡UN ¡Forum ¡on ¡ ¡ Sustainability ¡Standards ¡(UNFSS) ¡ Intergovernmental Forum of Dialogue on Voluntary Sustainability Standards ICCO Workshop, Douala, Cameroon June 24-27, 2013 Working group guide

  2. 2 2 2 2 United Nations Forum on Sustainability Standards (UNFSS) Objective: Effective forum for policy-makers to better understand voluntary sustainability standards (VSS) and be able to utilize VSSs as potential tools to support their own sustainable development strategies and goals. 2

  3. 3 3 What are Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS)? • Mainly developed by private bodies (commercial and non-commercial). • Typically cover health, safety, environmental, economic, social and animal welfare issues. • “Credence characteristics ” , i.e. attributes not verifiable through examination of the product ( Production and Processing Methods- PPMs ). • Most prominent in the food and agricultural sector (also significant in textiles/ clothing, toys, timber products, cosmetics, bio-fuels, electronic goods). • Carbon & water foot-printing and energy and material/resource efficiency standards are emerging as a new frontier.

  4. 4 4 4 4 4 Importance of VSS • VSS are of key importance for market entry and sustainable development . • Real developmental opportunities – strong market dynamics (including growing private sector interest and participation) • Unless pro-actively addressed , VSS can potentially become a market entry hurdle and a serious challenge in particular for small-scale producers.

  5. 5 5 5 5 5 Importance of VSS (cont’d) Voluntary (i.e. private) Sustainability Standards (VSS) are often viewed as a technicality, when VSS are tools that can be used to: • Internalize environmental and social costs . • Advance sustainable production and consumption methods (including opportunities for energy/ material/ resource efficiency and cost savings). • Promote competitiveness in the growing and lucrative “sustainability” markets.

  6. 6 6 6 6 6 Market Share of VSS-certified Bananas & Coffee Source: Food and Agriculture: The Future of Sustainability, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, D. Giovannucci, S. Scheer et al., NYC, 2012: 17.

  7. 7 7 7 7 State of Sustainability Initiatives (SSI): 7 Reporting service on VSS:  Market trends  Program reach/structure  Program governance Sectors : Forestry, Coffee, Cocoa, Tea and Banana

  8. 8 8 8 8 8 Growth of VSS Recent Average Annual Growth Rate of Key VSS Markets: Global US High-value 5-10 % 10+ % Organic 10-15 % 15-20 % Fair Trade 35 % 40 % Utz Certified 30 % -- Rainforest 105 % 120 % Conventional Food Markets 2-4 % 3-5% Source: State of Sustainability Initiatives, 2011

  9. Geographical ¡distribu2on ¡of ¡sustainable ¡ cocoa ¡cer2fica2on, ¡2011 ¡(mt) ¡

  10. Geographical ¡distribu2on ¡of ¡sustainable ¡ coffee ¡cer2fica2on, ¡2011 ¡(mt) ¡

  11. Sustainable ¡cocoa ¡and ¡coffee ¡ ¡ (% ¡of ¡Global ¡Produc2on ¡in ¡mt-­‑ ¡2011) ¡ ¡ Cocoa Coffee 4Cs: 11% (906,300mt) Utz: 5% (212,690mt) Utz: 6% (476,903mt) Fairtrade: 3% (121,400mt) Fairtrade: 5% (393,000mt) Rainforest Alliance: 2% Organic: 3% (286,120mt) (98,416mt) Rainforest Alliance: 2% Organic: 1.4% 61,842mt) (191,384mt) Adj for multiple-certification: Adj for multiple-certification: 20% of Global Production 8% of Global Production

  12. Sustainable ¡cocoa ¡produc2on ¡vs. ¡ sales, ¡global ¡ • Annual growth rate in production: 55% from 2008-2011 Total volume sold as certified in 2011: 143,514 (3% of global production) • Total volume certified in 2011: 349,504mt (8% of global production)

  13. Sustainable ¡cocoa ¡produc2on ¡by ¡ country ¡and ¡ini2a2ve ¡(2011) ¡ Fairtrade Global Average Organic Rainforest Alliance Utz

  14. Reported ¡2011 ¡premiums ¡(KPMG) ¡ • UTZ: ¡ US$152/mt ¡ in ¡Ghana ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡$140/mt ¡in ¡Côte ¡D’Ivoire ¡ • Rainforest ¡Alliance: ¡ US$150/ mt ¡Ghana ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ $200/mt ¡ Côte ¡D’Ivoire ¡ • Fairtrade: ¡ US$200 /mt ¡in ¡Ghana ¡and ¡Côte ¡D’Ivoire ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡Source: ¡KPMG. ¡(2012). ¡Study ¡on ¡the ¡Costs, ¡Advantages ¡and ¡Disadvantages ¡of ¡ Cocoa ¡Cer2fica2on. ¡

  15. Reported ¡2011 ¡audit ¡costs ¡(KPMG) ¡ • UTZ: ¡ $6,500/coop , ¡ Ghana ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡$4,331/coop , ¡ Côte ¡D’Ivoire ¡(annual) ¡ • Rainforest ¡Alliance: ¡ $8,500/coop ,Ghana, ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ $7,500/coop , ¡Côte ¡D’Ivoire ¡(annual) ¡ • Fairtrade: ¡ $2,561/ coop, ¡Ghana, ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡$2,562/ coop, ¡Côte ¡D’Ivoire ¡(annual) ¡ KPMG: 2012

  16. Impact Assessment Tools to measure the costs and benefits of implementing sustainable certification programs

  17. 1. Farmer ¡Livelihoods ¡ ¡ 2. Risk ¡& ¡Resilience ¡ Economic 3. CompeMMveness ¡ ¡ 4. Management ¡ ¡ 5. OrganizaMonal ¡ 1. Health ¡& ¡Safety ¡ ¡ 2. Working ¡CondiMons ¡ ¡ 3. EducaMon ¡& ¡Training ¡ ¡ Social 4. Basic ¡Rights ¡& ¡Equity ¡ ¡ 5. Inclusive ¡Value ¡Chains ¡ ¡ 1. Resource ¡Use ¡ ¡ 2. Waste ¡ ¡ Environment 3. Soil ¡ConservaMon ¡ ¡ 4. Biodiversity ¡ ¡ 5. Climate ¡Change ¡ ¡

  18. Colombia Expanding each year

  19. KEY ¡INDICATORS : Certified vs. Uncertified Training Economic Yield 105% Perception 68% Recycling Crop Price Waste 17% 63% 13% Conservation 35% 90% Revenue Measures 36% 36% 53% Protective Gear Net Income 58% Food Security Education Sample: 9 countries, over 4,000 farms, 2 crops (coffee/cocoa) with control groups (2008-2009)

  20. Multiple Certifications and Relation to Net Income Source: CRECE-COSA

  21. 6 Certifications: before and after Year 1 Year 4 Source: CRECE-COSA: significant improvements in a basket of environmental indicators and improvements over controls groups

  22. % Women’s Time Spent on Crop: Certified vs Conventional Percentage of Woman's Work Time Spent on Crop 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% Tanzania 1053 producer samples 20% 10% 0% FairTrade FairTrade Utz Utz control Starbucks Starbucks Organic Organic CERT - CONV CERT - CONV CERT - CONV CERT - CONV Control Control Control

  23. 23 23 23 23 23 Benefits and Costs of VSS Benefits of VSS use may arise at different levels: • Enterprise level • Sector level • National level • International level Costs and benefits might arise at different points and levels (i.e. those bearing costs might not necessarily earn many of the benefits). Thus, governmental task to even out interests.

  24. Level Potential Benefits of Standards/ Certification as tools: Improve management capacities (farm/resource) Improve productivity and product quality Reduce costs Farm Improve market access (and diversification) Longer-term relationships (w/ buyers & other farmers) Premiums- sometimes Increase export revenues Create jobs on farms Improvements in processing and services Economies of scale and innovation achieved National/ Positive spillovers- quality and safety in domestic Sector markets & occupational health/welfare of farm workers Enfranchise marginalized groups Enhanced soil fertility, water quality, biodiversity etc Source: Draft Decision-making guide: Trade Standards Practitioners Network (TSPN), International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)

  25. Potential Concerns: Policy Level (Producer Countries) Market Access:  Threat to market access (exclusion-valuable export/new markets)  “Sustainability” used to protect domestic markets Standard-setting:  Perception external non-state actors setting standards  Threat to national sovereignty (exclusion from standard-setting)  Whose sustainability (democratic national governments or distant consumers/ brands)? Standards applicability:  Standards/criteria/processes, potentially inappropiate to local situation  Too stringent for producers’ and local institutions capacities  Inflexibility to adapt to local realities (lack of appreciation for cultural/geographical/ social diversity)

  26. 26 26 26 26 26 26 Pro-active Role of Developing Country Governments Surveillance, Supportive and Facilitating Role Governance/ Devising Assuring Facilitating Facilitating Standard- flanking/support policy stakeholder Investment setting policies coherence dialogue

  27. 27 27 27 27 27 27 Pro-active Role of Developing Country Governments Surveillance, Supportive and Facilitating Role Governance Devising Assuring Facilitating Facilitating flanking/support policy stakeholder Investment / Standard- policies coherence dialogue setting • Transparency, Inclusiveness, legitimacy, trade restrictiveness • Anti-trust • Assuring coherence between mandatory & VSS • Facilitating interoperability between VSS

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