The so soci cial an and economic im impact of of ag agave waste uti tili lization in in Mexican liq liquor in industries Estrada-Alvarado 2 and L. G. Viniegra-González 1 , V. de Rio-Guerra* 2 , M.I. Chávez 2 G. del Ri I. Es L.A. Cir Cira-Ch 1 Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. Departamento de Biotecnología. Ciudad de México 2 Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora. Departamento de Biotecnología y Ciencias Alimentarias. Ciudad Obregón, Sonora MÉXICO
Geographical Indication (GI) areas of tequila, mezcal and bacanora in Mexico. Own elaboration with information from Consejo Regulador del Tequila (https://www.crt.org.mx/), Consejo Regulador del Mezcal (https://www.crm.org.mx) and direct communication with Consejo Regulador del Bacanora Cedeño (1995) 2
1995 - 2017 704,000 Mg 203 X 10 6 L 17,400 ha 500,000 Mg LEAVES ( WASTE ) https://www.crt.org.mx/EstadisticasCRTweb 3
1200 350 300 1000 Agave Stems (Mega Mg) Agave Stems (Mega Mg) 250 Tequila (Mega L) Tequila (Mega L) 800 200 600 150 400 100 200 50 Agave maturation time 0 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Own elaboration with information from Consejo Regulador del Tequila (https://www.crt.org.mx/) 4
1200 $2,500 Average Stem Price (USD/Mg) 1000 Agave Stems (Mega Mg) $2,000 800 $1,500 600 $1,000 400 $500 200 0 $0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Own elaboration with information from Consejo Regulador del Tequila (https://www.crt.org.mx/) and Etatistics of agricultural production from Government of Mexico (http://infosiap.siap.gob.mx/aagricola_siap_gb/icultivo/index.jsp, https://datos.gob.mx/busca/dataset/estadistica-de-la- produccion-agricola). Prices adjusted to the exchange rate of pesos per USD according to BANXICO (http://www.banxico.org.mx/) 5
Large tequila warehouses Long term production contracts … but this was not convenient for the peasants. How to solve this problem? Macías-Macías (2001) 6
45% Dry lands Agave Lands Crassulaceae CAM Metabolism Agave, Mezcales and diversity (CONABIO, 2006) Mexican Relief 7 Nobel (2006)
GI Agave Liquor Own elaboration with information from BANXICO (http://www.banxico.org.mx/SieInternet/consultarDirectorioInternetAction.do?accion=consultarCuadroAnalitico&idCuadro=CA79&se ctor=1&locale=es) 8
Estimated Mg (WW) A=Fiber (DW) B=Fructans A + B (DW) Mg % production Mg (DW) Mg Stems (1.00) 54.2 2.2 8.7 10.9 56.5 Leaves (0.77) 41.8 1.7 6.7 8.4 43.5 Total 96.0 3.9 15.4 19.3 100.0 WW= Wet Weight DW= Dry Weight 20% Dry Weight 4% Fiber 16% Fructans 145,000 Mg solid waste to be recycled from leaves Own elaboration with information obtained from SAGARPA and Consejo Regulador del Tequila. Average stem production was calculated from 941,800 Mg of stems harvested in 17,388.6 ha. Fiber and Fructans were estimated assuming 4% and 16% content, respectively. The factor 0.77 was taken from SAGARPA data discussed by AGARED Nobel (2006) Íñiguez-Covarrubias et al (2001) 9 Sánchez-Carmona et al (2017)
Fiber recovery for textiles • Ixtle: mechanical decortication • Ixtle: manual decortication Pulp utilization • Lactic acid fermentation (silages) • VFA production (biogas or PhB acid) Agave pulp silage substitues 50% of corn feedstuffs Santos et al (2011) 10
Sales (2017 USD) Mass balance Kg Low Price High Price A= Wet stemps 1000 142.00 2,050.00 B= Fiber (bulk) 40 14.80 32.00 C= Fiber (textil) 32 566.40 1,696.00 Comparisons 100(A+B) / A 110.4 % 101.6 % 100(A+C) / A 498.9 % 182.7 % Stem prices (USD/kg): 0.142 – 2.05 (In this work) Bulk fiber prices (USD/kg): 0.37 – 0.80 (http://www.inforural.com.mx/bajan-precio-del-ixtle/) Textiles fiber prices (USD/kg): 17.7 – 53.0 (www.mercadolibre.com.mx) 11
Internal driving forces External driving forces (Self-motivations with allegiances) (Govenment, Enterprises, etc.) In Mexico, social assistance programs have had poor results. The aid is granted in a paternalistic way and without job creation objectives Larrison et al (2002) Madrid y Ladrón de Guevara (2013) 12 Isidiho et al (2016) Rodríguez y Patrón (2017)
Case of success. Coformation bottom-up Women from Valle del Mezquital, Hidalgo, Mexico (Ya Munts'i B'ehña, SC de RL de CV) working in the field to obtain agave fiber. Photograph obtained from https://www.nepibehna.com/galeria Jones et al (2011) 13 13
https://inhabitat.com/kenya-introduces-worlds-harshest-law-on-plastic-bags/plastic-bag-pollution/ 14 14
• Fiber recovery from waste agave leaves can improve the rural income in the arid lands of Mexico • Best way to proceed is to encourage Bacanora R&D Sonora State - ITSON bottom-up rural organization with Recent work in Ciudad Obregón, Sonora is oriented to the appropriate political and market allegiances creation of a small cooperative network between commercial bacanora producers and local ixtle cottage industries, with the support of an agreement between the Consejo Sonorense Regulador del Bacanora and Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON), to put in practice, the ideas developed in this paper 15 15
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