The Impacts of Photovoltaic Electricity Self-Consumption on Value Transfers Between Private and Public Stakeholders in France. Jonathan Richard Ludovic Roulot Ecole Centrale de Nantes and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Mail: jroulot@uc.cl Ricardo Raineri Bernain Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile 35th USAEE/IAEE North American Conference Riding the Energy Cycles Royal Sonesta Hotel, Nov. 2017, Houston, Texas, USA
The Impacts of Photovoltaic Electricity Self-Consumption on Value Transfers Between Private and Public Stakeholders in France. • Electric Prosumers • Modeling Pattern • Main study elements and hypothesis • Photovoltaic Production and Load Profiles • Simulations Results • Conclusions 2
Photovoltaic Electricity Prosumers A new Business Model Full Injection Utilities Mandatory Purchase Tariff Through the public grid The economic lever for the user remains the most important among several levers. ▪ Increase of electricity prices ▪ Decrease in the cost of photovoltaic systems ▪ Decrease in the mandatory purchase tariff
Photovoltaic Electricity Prosumers A new Business Model Prosumers Utilities Mandatory Purchase Tariff Through the public grid The economic lever for the user remains the most important among several levers. ▪ Increase of electricity prices ▪ Decrease in the cost of photovoltaic systems ▪ Decrease in the mandatory purchase tariff 4
Photovoltaic Electricity Prosumers A new Business Model Prosumers Utilities Mandatory Purchase Tariff Through the public grid
Photovoltaic Electricity Prosumers Legislative context and goals Law for Energy Transition and Order n°2016-1019 for Self- Law for Electric Self- Green Economic Growth (LTECV) Consumption Consumption 17 th August 2015 27 th July 2016 24 th February 2017 2015 2016 2017 Deadline of Requests for Proposals of Self-Consumption Projects (CRE) Presentation of the European Commission Green Energy Package 30 th November 2016
Photovoltaic Electricity Prosumers Legislative context and goals Law for Energy Transition and Order n°2016-1019 for Self- Law for Electric Self- Green Economic Growth (LTECV) Consumption Consumption 17 th August 2015 24 th February 2017 27 th July 2016 2015 2016 2017 Deadline of Requests for Proposals of Self-Consumption Projects (CRE) ▪ Energy transition and EnR development ▪ Management of the support policy and its cost Presentation of the European ▪ Decentralization of the energy industry Commission Green Energy Package ▪ Participating citizens and local territories 30 th November 2016 ▪ Setting up of a framework for the changes of the photovoltaic sector, and visibility for economic stakeholders 7
Which stakeholder would benefit or suffer the most from the value transfers caused by photovoltaic electricity self-consumption compared to photovoltaic full injection? Distribution System Operator Other citizens Municipalities French State Departments / Counties Photovoltaic User Utilities Transport System Operator
Modeling Pattern CAPEX and OPEX Load Profile Annual Electric Photovoltaic System Size Consumption Investment Required Photovoltaic Electricity Electric Flows Production Profile Value Transfers Project Cost Self-Consumption Rate Project Income VAN Economic Valuation Capacity of storage Scheme Taxation Inputs General Inputs TURPE and Supply Tariffs
Study Framework Electric Bill Structure TURPE 5 HTA-BT Tariff for using public electricity grids (Fixed + Variable) mainly covers the costs of operations and investment of ENEDIS, the distribution system operator. Electricity Supply It covers the costs necessary to the production of electricity or its purchase, the management of contracts and the mark-up of the utility. Taxes ▪ CSPE (Contribution to Public Electric Services): allows the State to cover charges of the electric public services assumed by historic suppliers (ex: EDF) like the mandatory purchase of photovoltaic electricity or the tariff equalization. ▪ TCFE (Tax on Electric Final Consumption) split in a municipal tax (TCCFE) and a departmental tax (TDCFE). ▪ CTA (Contribution for Transmission) covers the pension of workers in the electric industry. ▪ VAT (Value Added Taxes): for the State. 10
Study Framework Electric Bill Structure – Without PV Small and Medium Commerce Household Industry Business 118486 1639 14181 792 140000 1800 16000 900 1600 800 14000 120000 1400 700 12000 100000 1200 600 10000 80000 1000 500 8000 € € € € 400 800 60000 6000 300 600 40000 4000 200 400 20000 2000 100 200 0 0 0 0 11
Study Framework The Economic Valuation Scheme = 0
Study Framework The Economic Valuation Scheme = 0
Study Framework The Economic Valuation Scheme = 0 = 0
Main Hypothesis • Investment made in 2017, in the South of France (Marseille) with superimposed systems. • PV system size determined by the unitary PV production, the load profile and the annual consumption. • TURPE 5 HTA-BT simplified. • Annual increase of the whole electric bill = 2% • Real discount rate = 4% • Electric self-consumption brings negligible costs or benefits to the electric grid in comparison with the same development of decentralized photovoltaic systems, which are based on full injection. • The situation of RTE, the transmission system operator, is negligible in this study.
Photovoltaic Production and Load Profiles Household Commerce 4.5 1.8 Mid-Season Mid-Season Week / Weekend 4.0 1.6 Week / Weekend Winter 3.5 1.4 Winter Week / Weekend 3.0 1.2 Summer 2.5 1.0 Week / Weekend Summer kW kW Week / Weekend 2.0 0.8 1.5 0.6 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 Daily Hours Daily Hours Small and Medium Business Industry 250 40 Mid-Season Mid-Season Winter Week / Weekend Week / Weekend 35 200 Winter 30 Summer Week / Weekend 150 25 kW kW 20 100 15 Summer 10 Week / Weekend 50 5 0 0 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 0 6 12 18 Daily Hours 16 Daily Hours
Simulations Results Annual Gain of Transferred Values (With PV Self-Consumption compared to With PV Full Injection) User (Savings on Electric Bill) 214 User (Electricity Sales) -326 User (Subsidy and TVA Investment) 68 User (Total) -45 Household French State ENEDIS (TURPE collected) -61 Utility (Mark-up) -2 Municipality (TCCFE) -8 Department, County (TDCFE) -4 State (Total) 146 State (Premiums spent) -71 State (CSPE spent) 280 State (CSPE collected) -29 State (TVA and CTA) -34 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 €/MWh_selfconsumed User (Savings on Electric Bill) 154 Utility User (Electricity Sales) -268 User (Subsidy and TVA Investment) 60 Department User (Total) -55 Commerce ENEDIS (TURPE collected) -54 Municipality Utility (Mark-up) -2 Municipality (TCCFE) -8 Department, County (TDCFE) -4 State (Total) 132 User State (Premiums spent) -60 State (CSPE spent) 222 Distribution State (CSPE collected) -29 System Operator State (TVA and CTA) -1 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 17 €/MWh_selfconsumed
Simulations Results Annual Gain of Transferred Values (With PV Self-Consumption compared to With PV Full Injection) User (Savings on Electric Bill) 144 Small and Medium User (Electricity Sales) -149 User (Subsidy and TVA Investment) 6 User (Total) 2 Business ▪ Benefits for the ENEDIS (TURPE collected) -38 Utility (Mark-up) -2 user. Municipality (TCCFE) -3 Department, County (TDCFE) -1 State (Total) 65 State (Premiums spent) -6 ▪ Shortfall in each State (CSPE spent) 102 State (CSPE collected) -29 situation for the State (TVA and CTA) -2 distribution -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 system operator. €/MWh_selfconsumed User (Savings on Electric Bill) 117 ▪ Shortfall for the User (Electricity Sales) -57 User (Subsidy and TVA Investment) 0 French State User (Total) 60 Industry ENEDIS (TURPE collected) -15 with projects Utility (Mark-up) -2 Municipality (TCCFE) 0 above 100 kWp. Department, County (TDCFE) 0 State (Total) -18 State (Premiums spent) 0 State (CSPE spent) 11 State (CSPE collected) -29 State (TVA and CTA) 0 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 18 €/MWh_selfconsumed
Simulations Results How to minimize the delta between the higher positive and negative value transfer by stakeholder, given a mandatory purchase tariff for full injection? Household Commerce Small and Medium Business Minimizing Mandatory Purchase 0,15 0,15 0,13 Tariff for surplus (€/kWh) Retail Market Price on 25 years 0,21 0,19 0,15 (€/kWh) To reach this minimum, the Mandatory Purchase Tariff for the surplus of self- consumption appears lower than the Retail Market Price (and above the Wholesale Market Price). Not possible for projects of big industries. Competitiveness of Self-Consumption on Full Injection
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