Characterization of the Household Electricity Characterization of the Household Electricity Characterization of the Household Electricity Characterization of the Household Electricity Consumption in the EU, Potential Energy Savings Consumption in the EU, Potential Energy Savings and Specific Policy Recommendations and Specific Policy Recommendations d S d S ifi P li ifi P li R R d ti d ti Paula Fonseca Dep Electrical Engineering Dep. Electrical Engineering University of Coimbra pfonseca@isr.uc.pt www.isr.uc.pt/~remodece ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra 2 June 2009
Overview of the Project � The project contributes to an increased understanding of current and impending electricity use by European households resulting from different types of equipment, consumers’ lifestyles, and comfort levels. The project evaluate how much electricity could be saved by the use of the most efficient appliances and by the reduction of standby consumption. � A large-scale monitoring campaign in 12 countries and a consumer survey h have been carried out. The b i d t Th research focused mainly h f d i l new electronic loads l t i l d such as: entertainment, information and communication technologies, stand- by consumption by consumption, lighting, lighting as well as air conditioning in the southern as well as air conditioning in the southern countries. In Central and Eastern Europe, because of lack of reliable data, white appliances have also been targeted. pp g ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra 2 June 2009
Who was involved? � 12 countries � 12 countries � ISR-UC (PT) Enertech (FR) Fraunhofer ISI � ISR UC (PT), Enertech (FR), Fraunhofer ISI (GE), Energy piano (DK), SINTEF (NO), Eneffect (BU), Seven (CZ), CRES (GR), ARCE (RO), ADENE (PT), ADEME (FR), e-ster (BE), (RO) ADENE (PT) ADEME (FR) t (BE) CEU (HU), eERG (IT) and EDF (FR); CEU (HU), eERG (IT) and EDF (FR); ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra 2 June 2009
Outcomes of the Project � European Database able to contain the data from existing and future � E D t b bl t t i th d t f i ti d f t monitoring campaigns in the residential sector and from the survey; daily and monthly average load curves are available hl l d il bl � Home Energy Saver, Software tool for calculation of the potential energy savings in households � User-friendly guideline presenting several tips to save energy and practical � User friendly guideline presenting several tips to save energy and practical buying guidelines: Electric Appliance Energy Guide � Guideline on the selection of monitoring equipment forthe residential sector ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra 2 June 2009
Electricity consumption in the residential sector 600 Norway 500 Romania Hungary Czech Republic 400 Bulgaria Wh Portugal TW 300 300 Italy Greece 200 France Germany Denmark 100 Belgium 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra 2 June 2009
Reasons for the increase of the household electricity consumption consumption � Increased degree of basic comfort and level of amenities � Increased penetration of traditional appliances � Increase use of equipments � Increased number of lamps and TVs � Introduction and widespread use of new types of loads (ICT and consumer electronics) Introduct on and w despread use of new types of loads (IC and consumer electron cs) � Wide variety of small appliances with electronic controls � Increased number of double or triple appliances � I d b f d bl i l li � Increased size of some appliances � More single family houses and larger houses and apartments � Population getting older, spend more time at home demanding higher indoor T and all day heating and cooling ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra 2 June 2009
Methodology � To elaborate a detailed list of all the main end uses as well as the � To elaborate a detailed list of all the main end-uses, as well as the definition of the main modes of operation � Energy consumption data from previous campaigns has been collected � The measurement campaign was performed in about 1300 households and the survey involved the collection of 6000 questionnaires, addressing both quantitative and qualitative data � The selection of participants was random, the sample is biased ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra 2 June 2009
Methodology � About 12189 appliances were measured, 11500 were analysed � The time interval for the measurements was 10 minutes, and the monitoring period for the campaign was two weeks which enabled the extrapolation to period for the campaign was two weeks, which enabled the extrapolation to determine the yearly consumption � On average 5-10 meters have been used to monitor major appliances or end-uses per household (cold appliances, washing machines, consumer electronics, …). In the case of lighting, at least the 10 light sources have been monitored per household including the lamps with highest burning hours � At the time of installation of end-use recording equipment additional information has been collected ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra 2 June 2009
Methodology-Analysis Analysis of the huge amount of collected end-use data: Useload software tool � data analysis: measurements were cleaned for data errors � data analysis: measurements were cleaned for data errors � the consumption of two weeks of measurements was multiplied with a factor to account for the number of utilization days in the year to obtain the yearly consumption � this value per appliance is multiplied with the appliance ownership to obtain the average yearly consumption per household b h l h h ld [kWh/household/year] ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra 2 June 2009
Methodology-Analysis � Calculation potential electricity savings: replacing the old inefficient appliances ( Present State ) by the best available pp ( ) y technology present in the market ( BAT ) and changing to best practice use of application (BP) including reduced standby consumption use of application (BP) including reduced standby consumption � BAT found from scanning and analysing the collected measurements, manufacturer specifications, information from databases like TopTen and results from the Eco-design studies ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra 2 June 2009
Ownership rates Compact Hi-Fi Video game Hard disk (TV recorder) Satellite/cable/air set top box Hi-Fi DVD recorder/player VHS recorder/player Home cinema TV Projector TV Plasma TV LCD TV CRT Phone Fax machine Printer All in one printer Scanner Copier Wireless access point Modem Router for Internet PC speakers (external power supplied) Laptop PC Desktop PC including monitor Internet Heat pump/Air conditioner Coffee machine Water kettle Microwave oven Oven/cooker Dishwasher Clothes dryer Washing machine Freezer Refrigerator with freezer compartment (two doors) Refrigerator without freezer compartment (one door) 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% ISR – ISR – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra 2 June 2009
Age structure of white appliances 100% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 0% Without freezer With freezer Freezer Washing machine Tumble dryer Dishwasher compartment compartment < 5 years y 6 - 10 years y More than 10 years y unknown ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra 2 June 2009
Share of efficiency class of white appliances 100% 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Refrigerators Refrigerators Freezer Washing Tumble dryer Dishwasher without freezer without freezer machine A++ A+ A B C D E F G unknown ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra 2 June 2009
Age structure and efficiency class Age structure - Refrigerator without freezer compartment 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Pt Be Dk Gr Bu It No Ro Fr Cz De Hu Average < 5 years 6 - 10 years More than 10 years unknown Efficiency class 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Pt Pt Be Be Dk Dk Gr Gr Bu Bu It It No No Ro Ro Fr Fr Cz Cz De De Hu Average Hu Average A++ A+ A B C D E F G unknown ISR – ISR – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra 2 June 2009
Lighting by type 100% 80% 60% 40% 40% 20% 0% Pt Be Dk Gr Bu It No Ro Fr Cz De Hu Average Incandescent Low wattage Halogen Halogen 230V Fluorescent Compact Fluorescent (CFL) 15% 50% 8% 4% 4% 23% ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra 2 June 2009
Type of lighting per type of room 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Living room Bed rooms Kitchen Bath rooms Hallways Outdoors Other rooms Incandescent Low wattage halogen High wattage halogen (>70W) Fluorescent Fl t C Compact Fluorescent t Fl t • average number of lamps per household is 25 • 4 compact fluorescent lamps per household • large potential for the application of CFLs: incandescent lamps represent 50% of the total lamps installed ISR ISR – – Universidade de Coimbra Universidade de Coimbra 2 June 2009
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