EXPECTED CLIMATE IMPACTS EXPECTED CLIMATE IMPACTS � Agriculture: Agriculture: impacts on food security impacts on food security � � Natural resources: Natural resources: water, energy, water, energy,… … � � Health Health � � Social change: Social change: conflicts conflicts � � Increasing Increasing natural disasters natural disasters � 1 1
Climate change is unequivocal Climate change is unequivocal and global and global Surface temperatures Frequency of heavy Tropospheric increasing precipitation temperatures increasing events increasing Ocean heat Tropical cyclone intensity content increasing increasing UNEQUI VOCAL Extreme temperatures Sea level rise increasing Glaciers and More intense and longer snow over Area of droughts decreasing seasonally frozen ground decreasing 2 IPCC 2
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4 4 HURRICANE KATRINA HURRICANE KATRINA
5 5 HURRICANE KATRINA HURRICANE KATRINA
CYCLONE NARGIS: FLOODING CYCLONE NARGIS: FLOODING 6 6 IN OUTSKIRTS OF YANGON IN OUTSKIRTS OF YANGON
DISASTERS HUMAN DISASTERS NATURAL DISASTERS SUDDEN SLOW ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGICAL - Greenhouse effect - Chemistry (Bhopal, - Earthquakes - Desertification - Deforestation AZT) - Tsunami - Drought - Uncontrolled town - Nuclear (Chernobyl) - Volcanic Eruptions planning, megacities - Oil spill - Floods - Drying Lakes - Landslides - Storms, Hurricanes, - Cyclones INTERACTIONS COMPLEX DISASTERS 7 7
8 8 RISK R = = VULNERABILITY V x x HAZARD H
I ncreasing vulnerability vulnerability/ / com plexity com plexity I ncreasing Developm ent of of m egacities m egacities � � Developm ent � Grow ing Grow ing inter inter- - connection connection natural natural / / technological technological disasters disasters � Technological dependance dependance ( pow er, com puters, ( pow er, com puters, � Technological � com m unication system s system s) ) com m unication � Grow ing globalization Grow ing globalization = = grow ing grow ing interdependency interdependency = = � grow ing vulnerability vulnerability from from distant distant disasters disasters grow ing « I nconceivable I nconceivable » » events events � � « 9 9
BREAKING THE LINK • Prevention • Preparedness DISASTERS • Risk management ARE NOT HAZARDS ARE INEVITABLE INEVITABLE 10 10
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HURRICANE DEAN: CATEGORY HURRICANE DEAN: CATEGORY 12 12 2 STORM ON AUGUST 16 2 STORM ON AUGUST 16
HURRICANE DEAN: PHOTO FROM HURRICANE DEAN: PHOTO FROM ENDEAVOR ON AUGUST 18 ENDEAVOR ON AUGUST 18 13 13
CYCONES IN CYCONES IN BANGLADESH BANGLADESH Facts: : Facts In 1970, a cyclone caused caused 400.000 400.000 deaths deaths and and left left In 1970, a cyclone 1.3 million homeless homeless 1.3 million Installation of a cyclone early early warning system warning system Installation of a cyclone In 1985, thanks thanks to the to the early early warning, a cyclone of warning, a cyclone of In 1985, same intensity intensity caused caused a a number number of of deaths deaths limited limited same to 10.000 to 10.000 14 14
CYCLONE NARGIS CYCLONE NARGIS APPROACHING BANGLADESH: APPROACHING BANGLADESH: MAY 1, 2008 : : MAY 1, 2008 15 15
CYCLONE NARGIS: FLOODING CYCLONE NARGIS: FLOODING 16 16 IN OUTSKIRTS OF YANGON IN OUTSKIRTS OF YANGON
MYANMAR CYCLONE MYANMAR CYCLONE Inadequate warning and • Inadequate warning and • evacuation systems evacuation systems Inadequate advance • Inadequate advance • preparations preparations Limited expertise for • Limited expertise for • disaster assistance disaster assistance 17 17
West Coast of Aceh (Widjo Kongko, 2005) (after Kameda) 18 18
Barriers to disaster reduction Barriers to disaster reduction • perception of inevitability; fatalism • prevention measures neglected • information about natural disasters and disaster reduction techniques is not disseminated • planning divorced from hazard management 19 19
� Women are more vulnerable to natural hazards � Women are key actors in disaster preparedness 20 20
� Women constitute up to 80% of refugee and displaced populations � In emergency situations women and children make up 70 to 80% of those needing assistance 21 21 ( ( IUCN) IUCN)
Bangladesh Cyclone 1991 Bangladesh Cyclone 1991 � Women aged 20 Women aged 20- -44: death rate was 71 44: death rate was 71 � per 1000 per 1000 � Men aged 20 Men aged 20- -44: death rate was 15 44: death rate was 15 � per 1000 per 1000 ( IUCN) ( IUCN) 22 22
WHY ARE WOMEN MORE VULNERABLE WHY ARE WOMEN MORE VULNERABLE Biological iological, social and , social and economical economical differences differences B Women have less access to resources 1. Women have less access to resources 1. Women are victims of the gendered 2. Women are victims of the gendered 2. division of labour division of labour 3. Women are primarily responsible for Women are primarily responsible for 3. domestic duties, are caregivers domestic duties, are caregivers 23 23
WHY ARE WOMEN MORE VULNERABLE WHY ARE WOMEN MORE VULNERABLE Biological iological, social and , social and economical economical differences differences B 4. Early warning systems are Early warning systems are orientated orientated towards males males towards 5. After a natural disaster, women women are more are more likely to to become become victims victims of of domestic domestic and and likely sexual violence violence sexual 6. Migration due to climate climate change change will will leave leave 6. Migration due to women behind behind women 24 24
25 25 TROPICAL CYCLONE SIDR: TROPICAL CYCLONE SIDR: DESPAIR DESPAIR
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Women’ ’s role in Disaster Risk s role in Disaster Risk Women Management Management WOMEN ARE KEY WOMEN ARE KEY ACTORS IN ACTORS IN BUILDING, BUILDING, SHAPING AND SHAPING AND SUSTAINING SUSTAINING RESILIENT RESILIENT COMMUNITIES COMMUNITIES Photo Credit: Joanne Omang 28 28
Women’ ’s role in Disaster Risk s role in Disaster Risk Women Management Management � Women respond to disasters Women respond to disasters � Building houses; digging wells and ditches; Building houses; digging wells and ditches; hauling water and building shelters, hauling water and building shelters, considered as “ “male male” ” tasks. tasks. considered as Forming groups and networks which is essential Forming groups and networks which is essential in disaster preparedness and mitigation. in disaster preparedness and mitigation. 29 29
Women’ ’s role in Disaster Risk Management s role in Disaster Risk Management Women � Women play decision Women play decision- -making roles in disaster issues making roles in disaster issues � � Women Women and and young young girls girls play play an important an important role role in in their their � families and and communities communities (in (in health health, , education education and and families childcare). ). childcare Posted by Mayan Families; www.mayanfamilies.org/6a61re2.jpg 30 30
Promote Gender Concerns Promote Gender Concerns Urge governments: Launch global campaign on Establish focal points to policies and strategies disaster reduction in which promote gender balanced with gender balanced gender is fully mainstreamed approaches at all levels approaches 31 31
Looking to Natural Disasters from a Looking to Natural Disasters from a Gender Perspective Gender Perspective Ensure women’s access to policy-making, information and knowledge on Respond to women's disaster reduction needs and concerns Gender-based approach Increase efforts in Acknowledge women’s to the study on promoting gender equalities vulnerable status natural disasters Strengthen the dialogue Assure women’s access within & between communities to relief resources and the national government & capacity-building 32 32
Good practices and Lessons Learned Good practices and Lessons Learned � Hurricane Mitch, Honduras, 1998 Hurricane Mitch, Honduras, 1998 – – “ “Garifuna Garifuna � Emergency Committee of Honduras” ” was created to was created to Emergency Committee of Honduras promote women’ ’s leadership in decision s leadership in decision- -making making promote women roles. roles. Indian Ocean Tsunami, India, December 2004 – – � Indian Ocean Tsunami, India, December 2004 � “Tsunami Relief and Rehabilitation Programmes Tsunami Relief and Rehabilitation Programmes” ” “ were led by women from the communities involved. were led by women from the communities involved. � Earthquake, Pakistan, 2005 Earthquake, Pakistan, 2005 – – “ “Potohar Potohar Organization Organization � for Development Advocacy (PODA)” ” promotes promotes for Development Advocacy (PODA) women’ ’s rights following a disaster. s rights following a disaster. women 33 33
Fresh water management should take into account the needs and role both of men and women through an equitable approach 34 34
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