The future for Electric Assist, cargo bike classification, DIN - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The future for Electric Assist, cargo bike classification, DIN standards and work safety Eric Gross Technical University Hamburg Institute for Reliability Engeneering e.gross@tuhh.de http://www.tuhh.de/mec TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50 Bild 1 / 20 Monday 20 March 2017

Contents • Introduction • The new German Standard DIN 79010 - Scope - New things to be taken into account! • Cargo bikes as a workplace – Human Vibration - Hand-transmitted Vibration - Whole-body Vibration • Summary / Discussion TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50 Bild 2 / 20 Monday 20 March 2017

Introduction „Nutzradkatalog“ HUGE number of variants on the market ….. Source: www.nutzrad.de TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50 Bild 3 / 20 Monday 20 March 2017

DIN 79010 DIN 79010 Cycles - Transport and cargo bicycles - Part 1: General requirements and test methods 1 Scope This standard lays down general requirements and test methods for single-lane transport bikes with a maximum width of 1 m and a maximum permissible weight of 250 kg, also with electrically power assistance (with a maximum rated power of 250 W and a speed of 25 km/h) for the transport of goods and persons. This standard also lays down general requirements and test methods for multi-lane transport and cargo bicycles with a maximum width of 2 m and a maximum permissible weight of 300 kg, also with electrically power assistance (with a maximum rated power of 250 W and a speed of 25 km/h) for the transport of goods and persons. NOTE Transport and load bicycles with a maximum permissible weight of more than 300 kg are difficult for the user to handle and reach the limits of physical performance. It does not apply to bicycles according to DIN EN ISO 4210, DIN EN ISO 8098 (children's bicycles), DIN EN 16054 (BMX-Bicycles) and DIN EN 15194 (EPAC bicycles). Source: DIN 79010 TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50 Bild 4 / 20 Monday 20 March 2017

DIN 79010 And if electrically power assisted and beyond the EPAC classification? REGULATION (EU) No 168/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 15 January 2013 on the approval and market surveillance of two- or three-wheel vehicles and quadricycles Category Category name Common classification criteria L1e Light two-wheel … powered vehicle (8) maximum mass = technically permissible mass declared by the manufacturer Sub-categories Subcategory name Supplemental sub-classification criteria L1e-A Powered cycle (9) cycles designed to pedal equipped with an auxiliary propulsion with the primary aim to aid pedalling and (10) output of auxiliary propulsion is cut off at a vehicle speed ≤ 25 km/h and (11) maximum continuous rated or net power ( 1 ) ≤ 1 000 W and (12) a powered three- or four-wheel cycle complying with supplemental specific sub-classification criteria (9) to (11) is classified as being technically equivalent to a two-wheel L1e-A vehicle. TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50 Bild 5 / 20 Monday 20 March 2017

DIN 79010 Classification for Requirements and Tests Driving direction Steering systems Cargo Bikes TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50 Bild 6 / 20 Monday 20 March 2017

DIN 79010 DIN 79010 Cycles – Service loads have to Strain gauge application be obtained to define Test Forces Calibration Vehicle Field Data Definition of static and Collection dynamic Tests TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50 Bild 7 / 20 Monday 20 March 2017

DIN 79010 Load Data for Test Definition – and more things to be taken into account …. Service loads: Loads during normal use of the Cycle on typical tracks in combination with obtaining environmental conditions. Special events: Events with a low number of appearances that are part of the normal use and in general can not be affected by the rider. Three-wheeled cargo bike with max. total permissible weight of 300 kg TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50 Bild 8 / 20 Monday 20 March 2017

DIN 79010 Load Data for Test Definition Service loads: Loads during normal use of the Cycle on typical tracks in combination with obtaining environmental conditions. Special events: Events with a low number of appearances that are part of the normal use and in general can not be affected by the rider. DIN 79010 Cycles – Three wheeled Cargo Bikes – Safety requirement “no tipping over” TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50 Bild 9 / 20 Monday 20 March 2017

DIN 79010 Load Data for Test Definition Service loads: Loads during normal use of the Cycle on typical tracks in combination with obtaining environmental conditions. Special events: Events with a low number of appearances that are part of the normal use and in general can not be affected by the rider. DIN 79010 Cycles – Three wheeled Cargo Bikes – Safety requirement “no tipping over” All multi-lane Cargo Bikes – Parking on the slope (park brake, tilt resistance) … TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50 Bild 10 / 20 Monday 20 March 2017

Human Vibration Work Safety Under the German Occupational Health and Safety (Arbeitsschutzgesetz), the employer is obliged to assess the working conditions of the employees and to set appropriate operating times and conditions with the vibration emission data specified by the manufacturers. At present, however, there are no specific measurement regulations (eg in type C Standards) applicable to EPACs for determining hand-arm and whole-body vibrations. In the project "Vibrations at Cargo EPACs", experts are working together to determine whether the vibrations that occur due to the use of the Cargo bikes are a health hazard. For this purpose, a measuring method is developed and tested in order to be able to determine and evaluate representative loads by hand-arm and whole-body vibrations when using these vehicles. TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50 Bild 11 / 20 Monday 20 March 2017

Human Vibration Workplace Vibration Basis for all later Standards: VDI-Guideline 2057 (since 1963) -> ISO 2631 (since 1974) DIN EN ISO 5349-1 and 5349-2: Mechanical vibration – Measurement and evaluation of human exposure to hand-transmitted vibration DIN EN 1032 : Mechanical vibration – Testing of mobile machinery in order to determine the vibration emission value Source: DIN EN ISO 5349 Source: DIN EN 1032 TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50 Bild 12 / 20 Monday 20 March 2017

Human Vibration Round-Robin Test under the direction of LIA.nrw In such mobile machines, in which the vibrations are mainly caused by the irregularities of the ground, the vibrations can be measured at the workplace of the operator, while the machine travels over a detailed test track. (...) The procedure comprises the following steps: • Determining the type of test track surface, • Developing a combination of surface roughness and traveling speed which produces such vibrations which correspond to the highest vibration values during the driving of the machine in typical use. Mechanical vibration – Testing of mobile machinery in order to determine the vibration emission value; EN 1032 Appendix E (informative) TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50 Bild 13 / 20 Monday 20 March 2017

Human Vibration Positioning of Sensors Hand-transmitted Vibration Whole-body-Vibration Accelerometer (Triax) Accelerometer (Triax) TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50 Bild 14 / 20 Monday 20 March 2017

Human Vibration Road surfaces: “Driving of the machine in typical use” ▪ Asphalt road ▪ Gravel road ▪ Paving stones ▪ Coblestone TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50 Bild 15 / 20 Monday 20 March 2017

Human Vibration Different Roads Different speeds Different Drivers eg Driver 1: 74 kg Driver 2: 93 kg Different loading conditions according to the manufacturer´s instruction TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50 Bild 16 / 20 Monday 20 March 2017

Human Vibration T i m e r e s p o n s e 1 1 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 - 5 0 . 0 0 - 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 5 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 6 0 0 . 0 0 Z e i t 1 Z + 2 : 1 Z + 1 T i m e r e s p o n s e 6 0 . 0 0 Recording of time 4 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 histories of - 4 0 . 0 0 Acceleration and - 6 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 5 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 6 0 0 . 0 0 Z e i t 1 Y + 3 : 1 Y + 1 Vehicle Speed T i m e r e s p o n s e 1 3 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 Measurement and 0 . 0 0 Evaluation over a - 1 0 0 . 0 0 - 1 3 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 5 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 6 0 0 . 0 0 period of at least 180 Z e i t 1 X + 4 : 1 X + 1 min. 180 sec. sec. T i m e r e s p o n s e 3 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 5 0 0 . 0 0 1 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 6 0 0 . 0 0 Z e i t 3 X + 8 : 3 X + 1 TECHNICAL WORKSHOPS 1 Workshop D 16:00 to 16:50 Bild 17 / 20 Monday 20 March 2017