Table 1. Descriptive Statistics, Courses, Instructors and - PDF document

Table 1. Descriptive Statistics, Courses, Instructors and Evaluations All Lower Division Upper Division Variable Course evaluation 4.022 4.060 3.993 (0.525) (0.563) (0.493) Instructor evaluation 4.217 4.243 4.196 (0.540) (0.609) (0.481) Number of students 55.18 76.50 44.24 (75.07) (109.29) (45.54) Percent evaluating 74.43 73.52 74.89 Female 0.359 0.300 0.405 Minority 0.099 0.110 0.090 Non-native English 0.037 0.007 0.060 Tenure track 0.851 0.828 0.869 Lower division 0.339 -------- -------- One credit 0.029 -------- -------- Number of courses 463 157 306 Number of faculty 94 42 79 __________________________________________________________________ NOTE: Means with standard deviations in parentheses. All statistics except for those describing the number of students, the percent evaluating the instructor and the lower- upper division distinction are weighted by the number of students completing the course evaluation forms.

Table 2. Beauty Evaluations, Individual and Composite Average Std. Dev. Standardized: Minimum Maximum Individual Ratings: Male, Upper Division—1 4.43 2.18 -1.57 2.10 Male, Upper Division—2 4.87 1.65 -2.34 2.50 Female, Upper Division—1 5.18 2.05 -2.03 1.84 Female, Upper Division—2 5.39 2.10 -2.10 2.20 Male, Lower Division 3.53 1.70 -1.49 2.04 Female, Lower Division 4.14 1.88 -1.67 2.05 Composite Standardized Rating: 0 0.83 -1.54 1.88

Table 3. Weighted Least-Squares Estimates of the Determinants of Class Ratings All Males Females Lower Upper Division Division Variable Composite 0.275 0.384 0.128 0.359 0.166 stdzd. beauty (0.059) (0.076) (0.064) (0.092) (0.061) Female -0.239 -------- -------- -0.345 -0.093 (0.085) (0.133) (0.104) Minority -0.249 0.060 -0.260 -0.288 -0.231 (0.112) (0.101) (0.139) (0.156) (0.107) Non-native English -0.253 -0.427 -0.262 -0.374 -0.286 (0.134) (0.143) (0.151) (0.141) (0.131) Tenure track -0.136 -0.056 -0.041 -0.187 0.005 (0.094) (0.089) (0.133) (0.141) (0.119) Lower division -0.046 0.005 -0.228 --------- --------- (0.111) (0.129) (0.164) One-credit course 0.687 0.768 0.517 0.792 --------- (0.166) (0.119) (0.232) (0.101) R 2 .279 .359 .162 .510 .126 N courses 463 268 195 157 306 N faculty 94 54 40 42 79 ____________________________________ NOTE: Robust standard errors in parentheses here and in Table 4.

Table 4. Alternative Estimates of the Relation Between Beauty and Class Ratings (lower- and upper-division classes) Variable Composite Formal Black Composite stdzd. beauty: stdzd. beauty Dress and white Above Below mean mean 1. Photo bias 0.229 0.243 (dress) (0.047) (0.088) (N=463) 2. Photo bias 0.267 0.088 (picture quality) (0.063) (0.106) (N=463) 3. Photo bias 0.236 (department) (0.049) (N = 414) 4. Asymmetric 0.237 - 0.318 beauty effect (0.096) (0.133) (N=463) 5. Course fixed 0.177 effects (0.107) (N = 157) _______________ _____________________ NOTE: The equations reported in Rows 1-4 also include all the variables included in the basic equation in Column 1 of Table 3. The equation reported in Row 5 excludes variables in the vector Z.

Table 1. Fractions of Candidates by Type, and Their Winning Chances and Shares of Citations, 92 Contested AEA Elections 1959-2004 (N = 368) a (1) (2) (3) Win Probability b Share of Citations C Characteristic Share of Candidates Female .125 .739 .102 (.065) (.011) Honorable .125 .696 .196 (.069) (.023) Top 5 School .370 .574 .320 (.043) (.016) Nonacademic .092 .471 .151 (.087) (.025) African-American .046 .412 .087 (.123) (.029) Theory/Econometrics .209 .416 .305 (.057) (.020) Future Nobelist .103 .605 .414 (.080) (.029) Share of Citations: Top Quartile .620 .495 (.051) (.012) 2 nd Quartile .533 .283 (.052) (.004) 3 rd Quartile .456 .166 (.052) (.003) Bottom Quartile .391 .057 (.051) (.003) a Standard errors of means in parentheses. b If candidates in the group had the same chance of electoral victory as the average candidate, each mean in this column would be .5. c If candidates in the group had the same scholarly impact as the average candidate, each mean in the upper part of this column would be .25.

Table 2. Conditional Multinomial Logit (CML) and Multinomial Multiple Response (MMR) Estimates of the Determinants of Electoral Victory, AEA Elections a (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 1959-2004 1975-2004 Estimator: CML MMR CML MMR CML MMR Characteristic Female 1.732 1.699 1.359 1.349 2.270 1.744 3.674 2.622 (.377) (.380) (.306) (.322) (.472) (.360) (.987) (.604) Share of Citations 3.526 3.336 2.771 2.680 3.606 2.892 3.557 2.871 (.681) (.750) (.455) (.546) (.906) (.672) (.902) (.682) Honorable 1.071 1.018 0.843 0.782 0.689 0.581 0.705 0.597 (.357) (.380) (.280) (.306) (.418) (.353) (.420) (.356) Top 5 School 0.271 0.225 (.253) (.205) Nonacademic -0.156 -0.040 (.442) (.307) African-American 0.087 0.139 (.602) (.379) Theory/Econometrics -0.500 -0.332 (.305) (.272) Future Nobelist 0.270 0.118 (.423) (.292) Female*Women -1.649 -1.089 in Other Election (.849) (.570) Log L -139.89 -137.85 -140.64 -138.72 -88.41 -88.64 -86.06 -86.35 Number of candidates 368 240 a Standard errors in parentheses.

Figure 1. Percent Female Among Candidates and Winners, AEA Elections 1935-2004 40 30 Percent of Total 20 10 0 1935-48 1949-58 1959-66 1967-74 1975-84 1985-94 1995-2004 Time Period Pct. of Candidates Pct. of Winners

Figure 2. Membership, Voter Turnout and Nominating Committee, 1935-2004 60 4 Pct. Female Members, Pct. Women on Nominating 45 3 Committee Turnout 30 2 15 1 0 0 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 Year Pct. Female Members Pct. Voting Nom. Comm. Female

Table 1. Beauty Evaluations, Individual and Composite (312 AEA Candidacies) Average Std. Dev. Standardized: Minimum Maximum Individual Ratings: Male 1 5.43 1.21 -2.84 2.96 Male 2 5.20 1.89 -2.23 2.02 Male 3 4.71 1.20 -3.10 3.58 Female 5.95 1.34 -2.19 2.27 Average Standardized Rating ( R ij ) : 0 0.71 -1.80 2.71 Relative Average Standardized Rating ( R * ij ) : 0 0.58 -1.73 2.00

Table 2. Multinomial Multiple Response Estimates of the Impacts of Several Independent Variables on the Probability of Election, Elections 1966-2004, (N = 312)* Ind. Var.: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Citation Share 3.43 3.37 3.42 3.50 3.66 (0.79) (0.81) (0.78) (0.82) (0.85) Female 1.59 1.52 1.57 1.49 1.97 (0.34) (0.35) (0.34) (0.35) (0.56) Rel. Ave. Stdzd. 0.221 0.322 Beauty (0.186) (0.212) Rel. Ave. Stdzd. 0.936 1.330 Beauty > 0 (0.429) (0.525) Rel. Ave. Stdzd. -0.399 -0.477 Beauty <0 (0.378) (0.414) Female*Rel. Ave. -0.428 Stdzd. Beauty (0.475) Female*Rel. Ave. -1.319 Stdzd. Beauty > 0 (0.837) Female*Rel. Ave. 0.351 Stdzd. Beauty <0 (1.135) Log L -112.81 -112.07 -111.67 -110.30 -109.00 *Standard errors in parentheses here and in Table 3. Also included in each equation are indicators of whether the candidate had held or currently holds a high-level government position, whether he/she was in a top-five economics department, whether he she was not an academic, would eventually win a Nobel Prize, was a theorist or econometrician, was an African-American, and a continuous measure of years since Ph.D. (or other terminal degree).

Table 3. Logit and Conditional Logit Estimates of the Determinants of the Probability of Election, Multiple Candidacies in Elections 1966-2004* (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Cond. FE Ind. Var.: Logit with robust standard errors logit Citation Share 5.24 5.35 3.67 2.55 13.63 (1.48) (1.53) (1.79) (1.15) (5.17) Female 2.75 2.76 0.56 (0.75) (0.80) (1.07) Rel. Ave. Stdzd. 0.353 0.636 0.466 0.637 Beauty (0.382) (0.542) (0.415) (0.598) Rel. Ave. Stdzd. 1.567 Beauty > 0 (0.689) Rel. Ave. Stdzd. -0.508 Beauty <0 (0.549) Log L -97.82 -95.92 -50.68 -51.69 -20.26 N (candidacies) 165 165 82 82 82 N (candidates) 73 73 33 33 33 *Also included in Columns (1) – (3) are indicators of whether the candidate had held or currently holds a high-level government position, where he/she was in a top-five economics department, whether he she was not an academic, would eventually win a Nobel Prize, was a theorist or econometrician, was an African- American, and a continuous measure of years since Ph.D. (or other terminal degree). The logit in column (4), and the conditional logit in column (5) include only the variables listed and the measure of years since degree.