Enhancing the Sustainability of Global Durum Wheat Production Karim Ammar Head, Durum Wheat & Triticale Breeding Global Wheat Program, CIMMYT-Mexico
CIMMYT Mission Wheat & Maize Genetic Improvement ■ Spring Wheat: Mexico, Winter Wheat: Turkey ■ Maize: Decentralized (Africa, India) Wheat & Maize-based Systems Agronomy ■ Input-saving technologies, Conservation Agriculture, Precision Agriculture Curator of Wheat & Maize Genetic Resources ■ > 140,000 accessions of wheat & wild relatives Wheat & Maize-related Capacity Enhancement ■ Practical training, graduate studies, visiting scientists
CIMMYT Spring Wheat Breeding General Scheme & Outlet = International Nurseries Crossing Selection Evaluation of fixed lines in Mexico Distribution of improved germplasm: International Nurseries National Programs Use in crosses Local / Regional Direct release Private Companies Selection Use in research Research Institutions
CIMMYT Spring Wheat Breeding Global Impact … And Responsibility > 40% area, spring types Winter types < 40% area, spring types
CIMMYT Spring Wheat Breeding Reasons for global success: a program with “eyes” worldwide Crossing Selection Evaluation of fixed lines in Mexico Distribution of improved germplasm through IWIN Collection and interpretation of multi-location data IWIN
CIMMYT Spring Wheat Breeding Reasons for global success: Wide- adaptation through “ Shuttle-Breeding ” F 2 , F 4 , F 6 Summer Cycle: Obregon Toluca/El Batan Longitude: 109 ° 54 ´ W (18.5 o N, 2600 masl) Latitude: 27 ° 21 ´ N Altitude: 40 masl May - October. Rainfed, High Rainfal Diseases: Yellow Rust, Septoria, Fusarium Photoperiod: Decreasing Soils: +/- acid Winter Cycle: Obregón (28 o N, 35 masl) November - May. Irrigated + simulated drought Diseases: Leaf Rust Photoperiod: Increasing Soils: +/- alkaline Toluca Longitude: 99 ° 33 ´ W Latitude: 19 ° 13 ´ N Altitude: 2640 masl F 3 , F 5
CIMMYT Spring Wheat Breeding Reasons for global success: Reliable and relevant phenotyping conditions Obregón Egypt India Pakistan Iran 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 2 3 7 3 3 3 4 4 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 3 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 50 50 50 50 Yield Potential: Predicts ranking of performances in other important environments worldwide
Durum Wheat Worldwide Globally minor, locally major % Area % Production 7.6% 5.4% Bread Wheat Durum Wheat Source: International Grains Council, 2013
Durum Wheat Worldwide Globally minor, locally major Morocco Tunisia Jordan Mexico Algeria Lybia Syria Spain Italy 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Bread Wheat Durum Wheat
Durum Wheat Worldwide Area Sown (average of last 10 years): 16.9 Million Ha. Area Area Country x1000 ha. Country x1000 ha. Kazakhstan 2280 France 429 Canada 1970 Mexico 311 Turkey 1670 China 305 Italy 1417 Australia 258 Algeria 1264 Ethiopia 248 Morocco 982 Afghanistan 194 United States 933 Iran 175 Syria 901 Pakistan 126 India (?) 693 Iraq 107 Tunisia (?) 669 Argentina 89 Spain 635 Saudi Arabia 65 Russia 610 Egypt 46 Greece 488 Chile 13 Source: International Grains Council, 2013
Durum Wheat Worldwide Production (average of last 10 years): 35.9 Million tons Area Area Country x1000 tons Country x1000 tons Canada 4493 China 1245 Italy 4281 India 1060 Turkey 3030 Greece 991 Kazakhstan 2400 Australia 470 United States 2305 Afghanistan 386 France 2070 Iran 339 Algeria 2045 Pakistan 331 Syria 1962 Ethiopia 321 Mexico 1772 Egypt 280 Morocco 1452 Saudi Arabia 277 Russia 1315 Iraq 222 Spain 1287 Argentina 210 Tunisia 1259 Chile 56 Source: International Grains Council, 2013
Durum Wheat Worldwide National Yield (average of last 10 years): 2.65 t/ha Yield Yield Country Tons/ha. Country Tons/ha. Egypt 5.69 Syria 2.15 Mexico 5.67 Greece 2.03 France 4.83 Spain 2.03 Chile 4.50 Afghanistan 1.99 Saudi Arabia 4.16 Iran 1.93 China 4.10 Tunisia 1.87 Italy 3.04 Turkey 1.82 Pakistan 2.63 Australia 1.82 United States 2.47 Algeria 1.59 Argentina 2.37 India 1.55 Iraq 2.36 Morocco 1.46 Canada 2.30 Ethiopia 1.38 Russia 2.16 Kazakhstan 1.04 Source: International Grains Council, 2013
Durum Wheat: Sustainability of Global Production What makes the world keep growing Durum Wheat? Sustainability of Global Durum Wheat Production
Durum Wheat: Sustainability of Global Production Limiting or key factors… Continued Progress Yield Stability Disease Resistance in Yield Potential & Drought Tolerance Rusts & Septoria (vs. Bread Wheat) Sustainability of Global Durum Wheat Production Performance Stability Market Access & under Heat Industrial Quality Grain “Safeness” FHB Resistance
Durum Wheat: Sustainability of Global Production Limiting or key factors… How they are addressed at CIMMYT Continued Progress Yield Stability Disease Resistance in Yield Potential & Drought Tolerance Rusts & Septoria (vs. Bread Wheat) Primary Breeding Objectives Sustainability of Primary Secondary Global Durum Breeding Objective Breeding Objective (Pasta Quality) Wheat Production Not Addressed Performance Stability Market Access & under Heat Industrial Quality Grain “Safeness” FHB Resistance
Durum Wheat: Sustainability of Global Production Limiting or key factors… How they are addressed at CIMMYT Continued Progress Yield Stability Disease Resistance in Yield Potential & Drought Tolerance Rusts & Septoria (vs. Bread Wheat) Primary Breeding Objectives Sustainability of Primary Secondary Global Durum Breeding Objective Breeding Objective (Pasta Quality) Wheat Production Not Addressed Performance Stability Market Access & under Heat Industrial Quality Grain “Safeness” FHB Resistance
Durum Wheat: Progress in Yield Potential CIMMYT All semi-dwarf Ammar, Espinosa et al., (unpublished)
Durum Wheat: Progress in Yield Potential Competitiveness with bread wheat: Mexico - Nationwide 7.00 6.50 BREAD WHEAT DURUM WHEAT 6.00 YIELD (tons/ha) 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 YEAR Source: Official Statistics Mexico (SIAP), 2013
Durum Wheat: Progress Yield Potential + Drought Tolerance Competitiveness with bread wheat: Internationally (Meta-study) Source: Marti & Slafer, 2013 Under favorable conditions: Durum Wheat has higher yield potential than Bread Wheat ■ When water is not extremely limiting ■ More nitrogen and water use efficient, ■ Mostly due to higher kernel weight ■ Faster progress through breeding Under extremely water-limited conditions: Durum Wheat is less competitive than Bread Wheat ■ Less water and nitrogen use efficient ■ However: difference is getting rapidly smaller with time ■ Significant progress through breeding
Durum Wheat: Sustainability of Global Production Limiting or key factors… How they are addressed at CIMMYT Continued Progress Yield Stability Disease Resistance in Yield Potential & Drought Tolerance Rusts & Septoria (vs. Bread Wheat) Primary Breeding Objectives Sustainability of Primary Secondary Global Durum Breeding Objective Breeding Objective (Pasta Quality) Wheat Production Not Addressed Performance Stability Market Access & under Heat Industrial Quality Grain “Safeness” FHB Resistance
Durum Wheat: Yield Potential + Drought Tolerance Testing infrastructure at CIMMYT Drip Irrigation-simulated drought, 17 ha
Durum Wheat: Yield Potential + Drought Tolerance Challenge in combining them in a breeding program New lines evaluated for first time under both favorable & water-limited conditions Yield Average % lines in both conditions Correlation Lines Full Drought Full Irrigation Selectable Outstanding Year Tested Irrigation Irrigation Drought (+90% check) (+100% check) 2015 1037 6.1 2.3 -0.16 77 30 2014 7.9 2.1 0.01 48 18 831 2013 7.9 2.3 0.02 60 12 1049 2012 875 8.3 2.8 0.35 53 10 2010 560 7.9 2.8 0.12 40 2 2009 813 6.3 3.0 0.39 73 24 2008 672 7.6 3.4 0.59 38 6 Genes favorable to Yield Potential are generally/mostly different from those favorable to Drought Tolerance
Durum Wheat: Yield Potential + Drought Tolerance Challenge in combining them in a breeding program Grain Yield in % JUPARE 140 120 100 DROUGHT DRIP 80 60 High YP & Water Efficient 40 y = -0.0352x + 81.765 R 2 = 0.0002 20 r = 0.04 0 70 80 90 100 110 120 FULL IRRIGATION GRAVITY Combining genes favorable to Yield Potential and Drought Tolerance in a single genotype
Durum Wheat: Yield Potential + Drought Tolerance Testing protocol for combining them in CIMMYT breeding program Preliminary YT (PYT): FULL Irrigation + Drought ■ 4,500-5,000 F 6 lines Advanced YT-A (AYT-A): FULL Irrigation + Drought ■ Non-replicated, augmented ■ 900-1,200 lines design with repeated checks ■ 2 reps (FI), 3 reps (DR) in 8x8 lattice designs Advanced YT-B (AYT-B): FULL Irrigation + Drought Selection of candidates for ■ 300-500 lines International Nurseries ■ 2 reps (FI), 3 reps (DR) in 8x8 lattice designs Informal indication of success: New germplasm competitive with bread wheat in some drought prone environments (Mexico, Spain, Tunisia, Italy…)
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