Multicultural Issues and Awareness in Subject Representation and Access Subject Analysis and Access (SAA) Section Presenters: Andreas Oskar Kempf, National Library of Economics, Germany Athena Salaba, Kent State University, USA Session 155: Library Services for a Multicultural World With Special Consideration to the Many Languages Involved – Division III IFLA WLIC 2019, 27th August, Athens, Greece
IFLA Subject Analysis and Access Section mission statement: “We focus on methods of providing subject access to documents of all kinds in libraries and information services of all types.” https://www.ifla.org/about-the-subject-analysis-and-access-section Session 155: Library Services for a Multicultural World With Special Consideration to the Many Languages Involved – Division III IFLA WLIC 2019, 27th August, Athens, Greece
Subject access in context • Knowledge organization is about describing, representing, filing and organizing documents and document representations as well as subjects and concepts both by humans and by computer programs (Hjørland 2008) • Content indexing – methods • Standardized vocabularies (knowledge organization systems, documentary langauges) – represent knowledge – represent the content of information resources – facilitate subject access by users • Focus on multicultural and multilingual aspects Session 155: Library Services for a Multicultural World With Special Consideration to the Many Languages Involved – Division III IFLA WLIC 2019, 27th August, Athens, Greece
Dealing with language... Something can be expressed in many different ways A word can have different meanings Language is culturally grounded https://lccn.loc.gov/sh85088352 Session 155: Library Services for a Multicultural World With Special Consideration to the Many Languages Involved – Division III IFLA WLIC 2019, 27th August, Athens, Greece
Dealing with language... Something can be expressed in many different ways A word can have different meanings Language is culturally grounded https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization Session 155: Library Services for a Multicultural World With Special Consideration to the Many Languages Involved – Division III IFLA WLIC 2019, 27th August, Athens, Greece
Dealing with language... Something can be expressed in many different ways A word can have different meanings Language is culturally grounded https://icd.who.int/browse10/2016/en#F64.9 Session 155: Library Services for a Multicultural World With Special Consideration to the Many Languages Involved – Division III IFLA WLIC 2019, 27th August, Athens, Greece
Controlled vocabularies: benefits and challenges in multicultural and multilingual environments Session 155: Library Services for a Multicultural World With Special Consideration to the Many Languages Involved – Division III IFLA WLIC 2019, 27th August, Athens, Greece
Controlled vocabularies: Scenarios of mapping benefiting the user Enhancing the search scope – by providing multilingual subject access on the basis of mapping different indexing schemes (LCSH, RAMEAU, GND) Enabling meta searches (Re)using third party metadata http://d-nb.info/gnd/4214151-5 Session 155: Library Services for a Multicultural World With Special Consideration to the Many Languages Involved – Division III IFLA WLIC 2019, 27th August, Athens, Greece
Controlled vocabularies: Scenarios of mapping benefiting the user Enhancing the search scope – by providing multilingual subject access on the basis of mapping different indexing schemes (LCSH, RAMEAU, GND) Enabling meta searches Voß / Jahns 2018 (Re)using third party metadata Session 155: Library Services for a Multicultural World With Special Consideration to the Many Languages Involved – Division III IFLA WLIC 2019, 27th August, Athens, Greece
Controlled vocabularies: Scenarios of mapping benefiting the user Enhancing the search scope – by providing multilingual subject access on the basis of mapping different indexing schemes (LCSH, RAMEAU, GND) Enabling meta searches (Re)using external metadata Voß / Jahns 2018 Session 155: Library Services for a Multicultural World With Special Consideration to the Many Languages Involved – Division III IFLA WLIC 2019, 27th August, Athens, Greece
Controlled vocabularies: Cultural • Individual vocabularies: – Biased, ethical treatment – Marginalization (Mai, 2016) – Terminology – Power to Name (Olson, 2002) – Neutrality – a cover for bias? Source: http://wordvis.com/ • Across vocabularies: Health - treatments – Domain differences - Conventional - Western - Unconventional or alternative – Asian, – Terminological differences African, etc. – Mappings Session 155: Library Services for a Multicultural World With Special Consideration to the Many Languages Involved – Division III IFLA WLIC 2019, 27th August, Athens, Greece
Resource description for subject access • Culturally-driven misinterpretation, misrepresentation bias • Applying biased KOS tools American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World by David E. Stannard “A book about the “genocide of Native Americans” “ “the most massive act of genocide in the history of the world” Source: M. Dudley’s A Library Matter of Genocide, https:// decolonizedlibrarian.wordpress.com/ Session 155: Library Services for a Multicultural World With Special Consideration to the Many Languages Involved – Division III IFLA WLIC 2019, 27th August, Athens, Greece
Intercultural awareness of KO professionals Intercultural competence : The ability to recognize the significance of culture in one’s own life and in the lives of others and to come to know and respect diverse cultural backgrounds and characteristics through interaction with individuals from diverse linguistic, culture, and socioeconomic groups; and to fully integrate the culture of diverse groups into services, work, and institutions in order to enhance the lives of both those being served by the library profession and those engaged in service .” (Overall, 2009, p. 189) Studies of cultural/intercultural awareness and competency in public services The role of intercultural competence in the work of knowledge organization professionals (Salaba, 2018) What education, experiences, training increase intercultural awareness How do information professionals become interculturally competent? Competency standards (ACRL, 2012) Session 155: Library Services for a Multicultural World With Special Consideration to the Many Languages Involved – Division III IFLA WLIC 2019, 27th August, Athens, Greece
User perspectives and interactions • User interactions with vocabulary information • User interactions with resource representations • User terminology, perceptions, and interpretation Session 155: Library Services for a Multicultural World With Special Consideration to the Many Languages Involved – Division III IFLA WLIC 2019, 27th August, Athens, Greece
References • Hjørland, Birger. 2008. "What is Knowledge Organization (KO)?" Knowledge Organization 35, nos 2/3: 86-101. • Zeng, Marcia Lei. 2019. “Interoperability”. Knowledge Organization 46, no. 2: 122-146. Also available in Hjørland, Birger and Gnoli, Claudio eds. ISKO Encyclopedia of Knowledge Organization , http://www.isko.org/cyclo/interoperability • Olson, Hope A. 2002. The power to name: locating the limits of subject representation in libraries . Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic. • Overall, P.M. 2009. Cultural competence: A conceptual framework for library and information science professionals. The Library Quarterly , 79 (2), 175-204. • Mai, Jens-Erik. 2016. Marginalization and Exclusion: Unraveling Systemic Bias in Classification. Knowledge Organization , 43(5), 324-330. • Association of College and Research Libraries. (2012). Diversity Standards: Cultural Competencies for Academic Libraries 2012 . Association of College and Research Libraries, American Library Association. Retrieved from http://www.ala.org/acrl/standards/diversity. • Salaba, Athena. 2018. Intercultural competence in knowledge representation. 2018 ALA Annual Conference, CaMMS Forum, New Orleans, LA, June 21 – 26, 2018. (Keynote to the CaMMS Forum, a featured event) • Voß, Jakob; Jahns, Yvonne. 2018. GND gemappt. Coli-conc, GNDmul und mehr. GNDCon 2018, Frankfurt, December 03.-04, 2018. Session 155: Library Services for a Multicultural World With Special Consideration to the Many Languages Involved – Division III IFLA WLIC 2019, 27th August, Athens, Greece
Question for discussion How do we allow users the flexibility for multicultural and multilingual subject access to information, avoiding cultural and linguistic biases? Session 155: Library Services for a Multicultural World With Special Consideration to the Many Languages Involved – Division III IFLA WLIC 2019, 27th August, Athens, Greece
Opportunities • Vocabulary creation (representing knowledge) – Multicultural – Multilingual • Subject analysis and access (representing resource content) • Integration of technologies and platforms such as Wikidata • User experience – multicultural and multilingual solutions Session 155: Library Services for a Multicultural World With Special Consideration to the Many Languages Involved – Division III IFLA WLIC 2019, 27th August, Athens, Greece
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