STATE-WIDE E. COLI. TMDL AND SOLID WASTE FACILITIES TIM KRAUSE, PE GRANGER WASTE SERVICES
ESCHERICHIA COLI (E. COLI) • BACTERIA • SINGLE CELL ORGANISM • ANAEROBIC • LARGE INTESTINE • MOST STRAINS DO NOT CAUSE HUMAN ILLNESS • WATER QUALITY INDICATOR FOR FECAL CONTAMINATION • PATHOGENS CAN INFECT HUMANS THROUGH INGESTION OR SKIN CONTACT • DIARRHEA, GIARDIA, HEPATITIS, OR CHOLERA • MAKE YOU SICK, INFECTION OF SKIN, EYES, AND EARS
RECREATIONAL WATER QUALITY STANDARD • TOTAL BODY CONTACT (MAY 1 - OCTOBER 31): DAILY MAXIMUM GEOMETRIC MEAN: 300 E. COLI PER 100 MILLILITERS (ML) 30-DAY GEOMETRIC MEAN: 130 E. COLI PER 100 ML • PARTIAL BODY CONTACT (ALL YEAR): DAILY MAXIMUM GEOMETRIC MEAN: 1,000 E. COLI PER 100 ML
VARIABLES IMPACTING E. COLI. CONCENTRATIONS LAND COVER • HUMAN DEVELOPMENT • AGRICULTURAL LAND • SEPTIC SYSTEMS • FASTER RUNOFF • FORESTS • WETLANDS
VARIABLES IMPACTING E. COLI. CONCENTRATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS • PRECIPITATION • FLOW • SETTLING • TIME • TEMPERATURE
• SECTION 303(D) OF THE CLEAN WATER ACT AUTHORIZES EPA TO ASSIST STATES, TERRITORIES AND AUTHORIZED TRIBES IN LISTING IMPAIRED WATERS AND DEVELOPING TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOADS (TMDLS) FOR THESE WATERBODIES. • A TMDL ESTABLISHES THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF A POLLUTANT ALLOWED IN A WATERBODY AND SERVES AS THE STARTING POINT OR PLANNING TOOL FOR RESTORING WATER QUALITY.
MICHIGAN TMDL WATERSHEDS • STATE WQS ESTABLISH THE BASIS FOR DEVELOPING WATER QUALITY-BASED EFFLUENT LIMITS (WQBELS) • A REASONABLE POTENTIAL FOR THE DISCHARGE TO CAUSE OR CONTRIBUTE TO AN EXCURSION OF THE STATE STANDARD. • SECTION 301(B)(1)(C) OF THE CWA AND THE NPDES REGULATIONS AT 40 CFR 122.44(D) REQUIRE THAT PERMITS CONTAIN LIMITS AS STRINGENT AS NECESSARY TO MEET STATE WQS. PERMIT WRITERS, THEREFORE, RELY ON THE APPLICABLE STATE WQS, AND SPECIFICALLY THE CRITERIA VALUES, TO DETERMINE THE NEED FOR AND CALCULATE WQBELS.
MICHIGAN TMDL WATERSHEDS • THERE ARE ALMOST 9,000 MILES OF STREAMS WITH THE TBC DESIGNATED USE IMPAIRED • EGLE EXPECTS THAT THE NUMBER OF IMPAIRED STREAM MILES TO GROW • ANTICIPATE HALF OF MICHIGAN’S STREAM MILES (AROUND 37,000 MILES). • AS OF 2016, 89 PERCENT OF MICHIGAN’S STREAM MILES HAD NOT BEEN FULLY ASSESSED FOR ATTAINMENT OF THE TBC AND PBC WQS. SOURCE: WWW.MICHIGAN.GOV/EGLE (FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY )
DETERMINATION OF IMPAIRED GRANGER LANDFILL GRANGER LANDFILL
HOWE RD WEBB RD DETERMINATION OF IMPAIRED
REMEY-CHANDLER DRAIN • Minimum of 5 sampling events • Minimum of 3 samples per WEBB RD SAMPLING LOCATION event DETERMINATION OF IMPAIRED • Impaired if: • 30-day geometric mean exceeded (130 MPN/100ml) • There is a known raw/untreated sewage discharge • OR discretion of a single violation based on magnitude of the exceedance (USEPA, 2002). Source: Google Maps
Site Description Date Daily Geomean 30 Day Geomean Collector Dup2 Dup3 REMEY CHANDLER DRAIN-HOWE RD 19-May-09 27 DEQ-WCMP REMEY CHANDLER DRAIN-HOWE RD 28-Jul-09 5 DEQ-WCMP REMEY CHANDLER DRAIN-HOWE RD 14-Sep-09 2 DEQ-WCMP Remey-Chandler Drain - Webb Rd 16-Aug-17 629 DEQ 770 Remey-Chandler Drain - Webb Rd 23-Aug-17 483 DEQ Remey-Chandler Drain - Webb Rd 30-Aug-17 374 DEQ 290 Remey-Chandler Drain - Webb Rd 06-Sep-17 138 DEQ Remey-Chandler Drain - Webb Rd 13-Sep-17 136 292 DEQ DETERMINATION OF IMPAIRED
VARIABLES IMPACTING CONCENTRATIONS - PRECIPITATION - • WET WEATHER OR HIGH FLOW EXCEEDANCE • SOURCE RELATED TO PRECIPITATION EVENTS • RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL FIELDS OR PASTURES, • ILLICIT SANITARY CONNECTIONS TO STORM DRAINS OR FIELD TILES • PET OR WILDLIFE WASTE ON LAWNS OR PARKS • DRY WEATHER LOW FLOWS EXCEEDANCES INDICATE A CONSTANT SOURCE • FAILING SEPTIC SYSTEMS • ILLICIT SANITARY CONNECTIONS • LIVESTOCK OR WILDLIFE CONGREGATING IN THE WATER • SHALLOW GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
VARIABLES IMPACTING CONCENTRATIONS - FLOW - • 3 RD PARTIES • LOOKING GLASS WATERSHED • SHIAWASSEE COUNTY CONSERVATION DISTRICT (SCCD) TOOK 93% OF THE SAMPLES • AVE 1909 CFU/100 ML • STATE TOOK 7% OF THE SAMPLES • AVE 225 CFU/100 ML
VARIABLES IMPACTING CONCENTRATIONS - TEMPERATURE - Remey Chandler Drain E. Coli vs Temperature “ IT IS ACCEPTABLE TO 70.0 700.0 SAMPLE DURING A CRITICAL 68.0 30-DAY PERIOD THAT MAY BE 600.0 DRIVING E. COLI 66.0 CONCENTRATIONS (E.G., 500.0 64.0 Temperature in deg F SUMMER LOW FLOW, WET E. coli (cfu/100mL) WEATHER CONDITIONS) AS 62.0 400.0 LONG AS THEY ARE 60.0 Temperature (F) DISTRIBUTED 300.0 REPRESENTATIVELY OVER 58.0 Daily Geomean THAT TIME FRAME. ” 56.0 (cfu/100mL) 200.0 2018 ASSESSMENT 54.0 METHODOLOGY 100.0 52.0 50.0 0.0 16-Aug-17 18-Aug-17 20-Aug-17 22-Aug-17 24-Aug-17 26-Aug-17 28-Aug-17 30-Aug-17 01-Sep-17 03-Sep-17 05-Sep-17 07-Sep-17 09-Sep-17 11-Sep-17 13-Sep-17
PERMITTING AND COMPLIANCE • NPDES • SWPPP BMP • SAMPLING IF: • POTENTIAL TO DISCHARGE POLLUTANT • INSPECTOR SUSPECTS IMPACT • STSWCS BENCHMARK MONITORING • REVIEW POLLUTION PREVENTION CONTROL MEASURES, MAKE MODIFICATIONS IF WARRANTED AND CONTINUE MONITORING PER THE STSWCS UNTIL THE AVERAGE DO NOT EXCEED THE BENCHMARK OR • DETERMINE NO FURTHER POLLUTANT REDUCTIONS ARE TECHNOLOGICALLY AVAILABLE AND ECONOMICALLY PRACTICABLE AND ACHIEVABLE IN LIGHT OF BEST INDUSTRY PRACTICE TO MEET THE BENCHMARK VALUES • SUBMIT WRITTEN NOTIFICATION OF THE DETERMINATION TO DEQ, WRD STAFF FOR REVIEW AND APPROVAL. • CONTINUE MONITORING ONCE PER YEAR • DOCUMENT RATIONALE AND RETAIN ALL RECORDS WITH THE SWPPP . https://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/wrd-isw-permit-info-tmdl_398790_7.pdf
SOURCE: WWW.MICHIGAN.GOV/EGLE (FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY )
E. Coli (MPN/100mL) E. Coli (MPN/100mL) 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 0 Apr-16 Apr-16 May-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Nov-16 SITE SPECIFIC STORM WATER STUDIES Dec-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Jan-17 Feb-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 Apr-17 May-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Aug-17 Sep-17 Sep-17 Oct-17 Oct-17 Nov-17 Nov-17 Dec-17 E Coli and Precipitation (48 hrs) Dec-17 E Coli and Precipitation (48 hrs) Jan-18 Jan-18 Feb-18 Feb-18 Mar-18 Mar-18 Apr-18 Apr-18 May-18 May-18 Jun-18 Jun-18 Jul-18 Jul-18 Aug-18 Aug-18 Sep-18 Sep-18 Oct-18 Oct-18 Nov-18 Nov-18 Dec-18 Dec-18 Jan-19 Jan-19 Feb-19 Feb-19 Mar-19 Mar-19 Apr-19 Apr-19 May-19 May-19 Jun-19 Jun-19 Jul-19 Jul-19 Aug-19 Aug-19 Sep-19 Sep-19 Oct-19 Oct-19 Nov-19 Nov-19 Dec-19 Dec-19 Jan-20 Jan-20 -0.05 0.05 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55 0.65 0.75 0.85 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 Maximum Temperature (F) Precipitation (in) Precip(in) Landfill 2B Landfill 2A Precip(in) Landfill 1
E. Coli (MPN/100mL) E. Coli (MPN/100mL) 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 0 Apr-16 Apr-16 May-16 May-16 Jun-16 Jun-16 Jul-16 Jul-16 Aug-16 Aug-16 Sep-16 Sep-16 Oct-16 Oct-16 Nov-16 Nov-16 SITE SPECIFIC STORM WATER STUDIES Dec-16 Dec-16 Jan-17 Jan-17 Feb-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 Apr-17 May-17 May-17 Jun-17 Jun-17 Jul-17 Jul-17 Aug-17 Aug-17 Sep-17 Sep-17 Oct-17 Oct-17 Nov-17 Nov-17 Dec-17 Dec-17 E Coli and Maximum Temperature E Coli and Maximum Temperature Jan-18 Jan-18 Feb-18 Feb-18 Mar-18 Mar-18 Apr-18 Apr-18 May-18 May-18 Jun-18 Jun-18 Jul-18 Jul-18 Aug-18 Aug-18 Sep-18 Sep-18 Oct-18 Oct-18 Nov-18 Nov-18 Dec-18 Dec-18 Jan-19 Jan-19 Feb-19 Feb-19 Mar-19 Mar-19 Apr-19 Apr-19 May-19 May-19 Jun-19 Jun-19 Jul-19 Jul-19 Aug-19 Aug-19 Sep-19 Sep-19 Oct-19 Oct-19 Nov-19 Nov-19 Dec-19 Dec-19 Jan-20 Jan-20 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 Maximum Temperature (F) Maximum Temperature (F) Max Temp (F) Landfill 2B Landfill 2A Max Temp (F) Landfill 1
HOW DO YOU KNOW?! MICROBIAL SOURCE TRACKING?! • DNA SURVIVES WASTE WATER TREATMENT AND COMPOSTING PROCESSES AND MAY APPEAR WHEN THE SOURCE BACTERIA ARE DEAD. • GENETIC TARGETS ARE BASED ON HOST-SPECIFIC BACTEROIDES BACTERIA - VERY DIFFERENT FROM E. COLI. • DNA DEGRADES OVER TIME, ONCE THE HOST CELL IS DEAD AND DECAY OCCURS AT VARIABLE RATES DUE TO MANY FACTORS • A NON-DETECT RESULT DOES NOT RULE OUT THE HOST ANIMAL AS A SOURCE IN THE UPSTREAM AREAS • WEATHER AT THE TIME THE SAMPLE WAS COLLECTED AND LOCATION OF KNOWN SOURCES • KNOWLEDGE OF THE E. COLI CONCENTRATION AT THE TIME OF SAMPLING ASSISTS IN INTERPRETING RESULTS. • SPECIFIC MARKERS CAN VARY AND BE PROJECT SPECIFIC
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