Reproduction & Recovery - Energetics Iteroparity & - PDF document

11/20/2014 Reproduction & Recovery - Energetics Iteroparity & Semelparity • Iteroparity- (perennial) reproduces more than once. • Semelparity- (annual) reproduces only once. 1

11/20/2014 Crespi, B.J. and R. Teo. 2002. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of semelparity and life history in salmonid fishes. Evolution 56(5). 1008-1020. • Which strategy evolved first? • Lower degree of repeat breeding linked to higher reproductive investment. • Tradeoff between high juvenile survival and adult survival…at least in salmonids. Energy & Reproduction • Evolution of diadromy (anadromy, catadromy, amphidromy) • Energy investment • Lifetime reproductive fitness 2

11/20/2014 Fish Energy • Lipid (26.4 kJ/g) • Protein (20.1 kJ/g) Lipid • Very little carbs Protein Fleming, I.A. and J.D. Reynolds. 2004. Salmon breeding systems. Pages 264-294 In A.P. Hendry and S.C. Stearns. Evolution illuminated salmon and their relatives. Oxford University Press, USA. 3

11/20/2014 Fleming, I.A. 1998. Pattern and variability in the breeding system of Atlantic salmon, with comparisons to other salmonids. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 55 (Suppl. 1):59-76 Fleming, I.A. and J.D. Reynolds. 2004. Salmon breeding systems. Pages 264-294 In A.P. Hendry and S.C. Stearns. Evolution illuminated salmon and their relatives. Oxford University Press, USA. Gray — Anadromous Open — Resident 4

11/20/2014 Anadromous vs. Resident • Why do you think some salmonid populations have both anadromous & resident individuals within the same population? Anadromous vs. Resident • Why do you think some salmonid populations have both anadromous & resident individuals within the same population? “All juveniles do not grow & accumulate [energy] equally in freshwater due to differences in genetics & environment.” “Get a fish fat enough and it won’t move because the need has been quelled. In contrast, a hungry fish will move as far as necessary to get fat.” J.R. McMillan 5

11/20/2014 Costs of Reproduction • Gonadal maturation - It costs more to build eggs than sperm • Migration • Fasting • Competition • Guarding Post-spawning • Semelparity = no recovery • Iteroparity = energy replacement via feeding • Gonadal recrudescence (renewed activity) 6

11/20/2014 Rideout, R.M., and Tomkiewicz. 2011. Skipped spawning in fishes: More common than you might think. Marine and Coastal Fisheries Dynamics, Management, and Ecosystem Science 3:176-189. • Consecutive (annual) vs. skipped spawning Reasons for skip spawning: 1. Sterility 2. Intersex (when it is not supposed to be) 3. Disease, parasites, etc. 4. Physiologically & energetically not ready Skipped Spawning & Population Dynamics • Not accounting for skipped spawners could result in a overestimation of annual production (4 - 41%). • Adjusting the SSB for skipped spawners in Atlantic cod did not improve the stock- recruitment relationship. • Why? 7

11/20/2014 Physiology of Spawning & Recovery in Snake River Steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) Steelhead • Anadromous • Iteroparous • Degree of iteroparity is highly variable (<1.0% to >70%) • In Snake River <2.0% 8

11/20/2014 Steelhead Kelt Research • Conservation tool • Increase gene flow • Reconditioning • Historically low? Energy Use & Recovery Goal: Evaluate how much energy & what type of energy is used during reproduction. • Where is the bulk of energy used? • How much energy remains? • What is the physiological capacity for recovery? 9

11/20/2014 Energy use 10

11/20/2014 Reproduction vs Feeding • Many species, not just migratory fish reduce feeding at the time of reproduction • Steelhead studies showed GI stasis and lack of structure for absorption at the time of maturity. mature Good kelt 11

11/20/2014 Profile of Energy Storage • Use of destructive sampling of tissues • Use of blood metrics – non lethal approach Proximate analysis • Mass Balance • H 2 O – Lipid – Protein – Ash PROTEIN ASH H 2 O LIPID 12

11/20/2014 Total energy • Lipid + Protein PROTEIN ASH H 2 O LIPID Predicting Energetic Status Model: White Total Body Energy = β o + β 1 * Muscle Reconstructing Steelhead Bodies Fillet & Carcass Total Body 13

11/20/2014 Total Body vs White Muscle Energy Total Body Energy (kcal/gram wet wt.) 2600 r 2 = 0.963 2400 Model: Total Body Energy 2200 = -591.311+1.6267 *(White Muscle Energy) 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 LGR Kelt (N=11) Celilo (N=7) 800 Linear Regression 600 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 White Muscle Energy (kcal/gram wet wt.) Total Body Energy vs. White Muscle Lipid 4000 Total Body Energy (kcal/g wet wt.) Lethal Samples SY09-SY11 (N=429) 3500 Linear Regression (r-square=0.80) 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 White Muscle Lipid (%) 14

11/20/2014 Total Body Energy vs. White Muscle Protein Total Body Energy (kcal/g wet wt.) 3000 Lethal Samples SY09-SY10 (N=429) Linear Regression (r-square=0.80) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 White Muscle Protein (%) Total Body Energy vs Water 3000 Coefficients: Total Body Energy (kcal/g wet wt.) 2500 b[0]� 9396.9324981568 b[1]� -103.1956545736 r ²฀ 0.9421923762 2000 1500 1000 500 0 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 White Muscle Water (%) 15

11/20/2014 Energy Profile By Phase 3000 Total Body Energy (kcal/g wet wt.) 2500 JAN-MAY (N=186) 2000 JUN-SEP APR-JUL (N=14) (N=153) 1500 OCT-DEC 1000 (N=60) 500 0 Early Early-Mid Spawners Kelt Blood • Non-lethal Plasma Factors: • Nutritional • Stress • Tissue Damage • Electrolytes 16

11/20/2014 Total Energy vs. Plasma Protein 3000 Total Energy (kCal/g wet wt.) 2500 2000 1500 Below 1000 Detection Limit (BDL): Gritman & Logarithmic Regression (R-square = 0.48) PAL Early (N=10) 500 (<2.5 g/dL) Early-Mid (N=55) Spawning (N=151) Kelt (N=152) 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Protein (g/dL) Total Energy vs Plasma Cholesterol 3000 Total Energy (kCal/g wet wt.) 2500 2000 1500 Below Detection Limit (BDL): 1000 Gritman & PAL Logarithmic Regression (R-square = 0.68) (<10mg/dL) Early (N=10) 500 Early-Mid (N=55) Spawning (N=151) Kelt (N=152) 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Cholesterol (mg/dL) 17

11/20/2014 Total Energy vs Plasma Triglycerides 3000 Total Energy (kCal/g wet wt.) 2500 2000 1500 Below Detection Limit (BDL): 1000 Gritman & Logarithmic Regression (R-square = 0.70) PAL Early (N=10) (<10mg/dL) 500 Early-Mid (N=55) Spawning (N=151) Kelt (N=152) 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Triglycerides (mg/dL) Selective comparison with shorter distance migratory stocks 18

11/20/2014 Coastal vs Inland • Situk River, AK • Snake River, WA & ID Plasma Comparisons • Good female kelts System N Length (cm) Snake 50 Median 60.5 Range 52.0 - 83.0 • Natural origin (adipose intact) Potlatch 47 Median 68.9 Range 60.0 - 76.0 Clearwater 25 Median 75.0 Range 62.0 - 81.0 Situk 24 Median 79.5 Range 61.0 - 87.5 19

11/20/2014 Tissue Sampling • All sexes Poor Instream condition kelt System kelts mortalities • Fresh mortalities Situk 0 11 Potlatch 0 5 Upper Clearwater 0 0 • Poor condition Lower Granite Dam 31 0 kelts Total 31 16 Plasma Protein (Chi-Square) Above Below detection detection Significance α = 0.05 System N limits % limits % Situk River 24 92 8 No difference Upper Clearwater weirs 25 72 28 Lower Granite Dam 50 26 74 No difference Potlatch weirs 46 30 69 20

11/20/2014 Plasma Cholesterol 300 250 Cholesterol (mg/dL) 200 N = 24 N = 25 150 N = 47 N = 50 100 50 0 L. Granite Potlatch U. Clearwater Situk System Plasma Triglycerides 700 Triglycerides (mg/dL) 600 500 400 N = 24 300 200 N = 41 N = 46 N = 25 100 0 L. Granite Potlatch U. Clearwater Situk System 21

11/20/2014 Plasma Calcium 20 Calcium (mg/dL) 15 N = 24 N = 47 N = 25 N = 50 10 5 0 L. Granite Potlatch U. Clearwater Situk System Plasma Glucose 300 250 Glucose (mg/dL) 200 N = 24 N = 25 150 N = 50 N = 46 100 50 0 L. Granite Potlatch U. Clearwater Situk System 22

11/20/2014 Electrolytes Comparison of Weir Fish 22 3.5 a a b 20 18 3.0 Phosphorous (mg/dL) Magnesium (mg/dL) 16 14 2.5 12 10 2.0 8 6 1.5 4 2 1.0 200 220 a b a a b a 180 200 Chloride (mmol/L) Sodium (mmol/L) 160 180 140 160 120 140 100 80 120 Potlatch R. Fish Cr. Situk R. Potlatch R. Fish Cr. Situk R. Migratory Mortality Snake vs Situk Total Body Energy (kcal/g wet wt.) 1400 1200 1000 800 WEIR MORT WEIR MORT (N=5) Males only POOR ONLY 600 (N=11) (N=3) POOR ONLY At ~ 1000 kcal/g of wet tissue wt. POOR ONLY (N=19) 400 (N=9) kelts may be at the limits of their energy reserves regardless of 200 the system they come from. LGR SY09 LGR SY10 LGR SY11 Potlatch Situk 23