COP21 Japan Side Event “ Global Carbon Monitoring – Towards Modeling, Projection and Policy Decision ” Japan Pavilion, Paris, France, 15:15-16:45, 4 December 2015 Space-borne Atmospheric GHG Monitoring Project in Japan Kei Shiomi Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency shiomi.kei@jaxa.jp 1
High Resolution Wide JAXA’s Current and Future GOSAT-2 Swath (Optical) (JFY2017) Satellite/Sensor Activities (JFY2019 (TBD)) Earth CARE/CPR (JFY2017) GCOM-C (JFY2016) ALOS-2 SAR (2014) DAICHI (ALOS) (JFY2005) GPM/DPR (2014) Aqua/AMSR-E Past Operation (JFY2002) Implementation ADEOS- Ⅱ (JFY2002) TRMM/PR JERS-1 SHIZUKU (JFY1997) (JFY1991) MOS (GCOM-W) IBUKI (GOSAT) (2012) (JFY1986) (2009)
JAXA satellite programs 2003 (JAXA established) Late 1990s 2000s Climate Change/Water Earth Observation Aerosol GPM/DPR ADEOS EarthCARE/ ADEOS- Ⅱ GCOM-C GCOM-W CPR 2017~ 2016~ GHG, Aerosol GOSAT-2 TRMM/PR GOSAT Aqua/ Global Warming AMSR-E 2009~ 2017~ Land Use Disaster ALOS ALOS-2 Monitoring Next Gene. Communications (optical) COMETS DRTS WINDS Technology Positioning QZSS Development ETS- Ⅵ ETS- Ⅶ ETS- Ⅷ OICETS 3
GOSAT satellite and sensors Size Main 3.7 m x 1.8 m x 2.0 m （ Wing Span 13.7m ） body Mass Total 1750kg Power Total 3.8 KW (EOL) TANSO=Thermal And Near Life Time 5 years Orbit sun synchronous orbit infrared Sensor for carbon Local time 13:00+/-0:15 Observation Altitude 666km Inclination 98deg Repeat 3 days Launch Vehicle H-IIA Schedule Jan. 23 2009 TANSO-CAI TANSO-FTS (Fourier Transform Spectrometer) (Cloud and Aerosol Imager) Column-averaged dry-air mole Cloud fraction, fractions of GHGs (XCO 2 , XCH 4 ) Aerosol optical thickness 4
How do we use GHG satellite data? GHGs model calculation Flux estimation Column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of GHGs (XCO 2 , XCH 4 ) GHGs absorption spectra using sunlight 5
Methane remote-sensing observation referred in AR5 Mid/Upper-tropospheric CH 4 with TIR Column-averaged CH 4 with SWIR SCIAMACHY / Envisat AIRS / Aqua TES / Aura IASI / Metop TANSO / GOSAT (2003-2012) (since 2002) (since 2004) (since 2006) (since 2009) Sensitivity in altitude Column-averaged CH 4 with SWIR by ground-based FTS SWIR: at boundary TCCON (since 2004) TIR at 300hPa~9km 6 Massart et al, ACP, 2014.
Challenge to optimize observation strategy Mega-city target Multi-angle Extending glint dithering observation Island trace 7
GOSAT detected mega-city CO 2 enhancement in Los Angels basin GOSAT XCO2 in April, 2010 April, 2010 LA basin Desert Desert LA basin LA basin - Desert 3.2 ± 1.5 ppm 10.5 km-diameter GOSAT observation uncertainty of XCO2 is currently ~ 2 ppm. The detected enhancement in the LA basin was 3.2 ppm, that was higher than the observation uncertainty. Kort et al., GRL, 2012 8
GOSAT suggested underestimation of US CH 4 emission inventory Four Corners – Power Plant Extended operation phase Grid observation -> Target observation Target observation GOSAT San Francisco Los Angels US CH 4 emission inventory by EPA is underestimated than GOSAT observation. Chino - Livestock Field Turner et al., ACP, 2015 Bakers Field - Oil Field near LA near LA 9
Gina Mohammed / Ecosystem carbon exchange P&M Technologies Chlorophyll fluorescence from GOSAT @ESA FLEX Chlorophyll fluorescence has a potential to place constrain on Gross Primary Production (GPP). Frankenberg et al., GRL, 2011 10
GOSAT-2: Successive greenhouse gas observation TANSO-FTS-2 Launch in early 2018 (JFY2017) TANSO-CAI-2 Upgrade in GOSAT-2 mission GOSAT achievement GOSAT target 2ppm for CO 2 4 ppm for CO 2 Measurement precision 0.5 ppm for CO 2 (monthly ave.) 12ppb for CH 4 32 ppb for CH 4 5 ppb for CH 4 (monthly ave.) 2000km in sub-continental scale Flux estimation 1000km for land Anthropogenic emission CO to distinguish emission source Ecosystem carbon exchange Chlorophyll fluorescence to place constrains on GPP Aerosol monitoring Aerosol size distribution and its property 11
Anthropogenic emission source CO 2 related to CO Adding CO band to GOSAT-2 GOSAT CO 2 and MOPITT CO CO 2 and CO have a particular regional correlation affected by the anthropogenic activity. Silva et al., GRL, 2013 12
Space-borne GHG monitoring with GOSAT partners Envisat (ESA) GOSAT (Japan) OCO-2 (NASA) TanSat (China) GOSAT-2 (Japan) 2003-2012 2009-present 2014-present 2016- 2018- CO 2 , CH 4 CO 2 , CH 4 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 , CH 4 MERLIN MicroCarb (CNES) CarbonSat (ESA) ASCENDS (NASA) (CNES/DLR) 2019- later than 2020 later than 2020 2019- CO 2 CO 2 , CH 4 CO 2 CH 4 Continuous GHG measurement from space will contribute to reveal global and regional carbon flux change. 13
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