Satellite Remote Sensing Applications for Monitoring Marine Environments in the Asia-Pacific Regions EKO SISWANTO Department of Environmental Geochemical Cycle Research Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) The 7 th GEOSS-AP Symposium, Tokyo, 26 – 28 May 2014
Remote Sensing for Earth Observations Sea surface temperature Phytoplankton biomass Wind field Sea surface height Aerosol optical thickness Precipitation Mixed layer depth
Pre-typhoon Post-typhoon Influences of tropical SST cyclones Chl-a PP nLw555 Siswanto et al. (GRL 2008) SSHA No data Siswanto et al. (GRL 2007)
Increasing trend of red tide (HAB) outbreaks in the South China Sea Tang et al. (2008) Red tide : a common phenomenon associated with excessive algal bloom causing discoloration of water
Karenia mikimotoi bloom Yellow Sea Korea Japan Taiwan
nLw 443-412 slope > nLw 488-443 slope AND nLw 488-443 slope > nLw 547-488 slope ? No Yes Diatom K. mikimotoi Diatom Mixed TSM/gelbstoff nLw 547 nLw 547 TSM/gelbstoff-dominated TSM-dominated Mixed y=0.0015 LN(x) + 0.0149 Y=-0.0003 (LN(Chl-a)) 2 + 0.0024 LN(Chl-a) – 0.00005 Gelbstoff-dominated Phytoplankton-dominated Phytoplankton-dom. waters TSM-dominated Gelbstoff-dominated Diatom Diatom K. mikimotoi Mixed
Phytoplankton-dom. waters Diatom Diatom K. mikimotoi Diatom-2 Diatom-1 K. mikimotoi K. mikimotoi bb 547 bb 547 Diatom-1 K. mikimotoi Diatom-2
Spectral-based discrimination of diatom, K. mikimotoi blooms, TSM-, gelbstoff- dominated waters, and mixed waters Step-1 nlw peak at 547 ? YES NO Step-2 nlw 443-412 slope > nlw 488-443 slope Clear Waters AND nlw 488-443 slope > nlw 547-488 slope ? YES NO Step-3 Step-4 nLw 547-412 slope > -0.0003 (LN(Chl-a)) 2 + 0.0024 LN(Chl-a) – 0.00005 ? nlw 547-412 slope > 0.0015 LN(adg 443-412 slope) + 0.0149 ? NO YES YES NO Step-5 nLw 547 > 0.8 ? TSM-dominated Gelbstoff-dominated Mixed waters YES NO Diatom 1 (nlw 574-488 slope – nlw 488-412 slope)> 0.006 ? YES NO K. mikimotoi Diatom 2
Red tide mapping MODIS Chlorophyll-a 27 Jul 2008 7 Jul 2010 12 May 2010 28 Feb 2010 Summer Summer Spring Winter MODIS-based water classifications False detection reduced, other water classes can be Mostly TSM and gelbstoff/det.- Diatom (confirmed) K. mikimotoi (confirmed) detected dominated waters Karenia Gelbstoff/det.-dominated Non-red tide/Clear water Land Diatom Cloud/no data TSM-dominated
Verifying new practical method to K . mikimotoi bloom in summer 2003 Karenia Gelbstoff/det.-dominated Non-red tide/Clear water Land 26 Jul 2003 30 Jul 2003 Diatom Cloud/no data TSM-dominated 26 Jul 2003 30 Jul 2003 31 Jul 2003
Impacts of Indian Ocean Dipole on Biogeochemical Variability in the Eastern Indian Ocean Provided by Climate Variation Predictability and Applicability Research Program, RIGC/JAMSTEC Month- Year
Trends and sensitivity to ENSO and IOD Month- Year
CLOSING REMARKS Remote sensing is useful tool to discern marine ecosystem changes and driving factors associated with anthropogenic and climatic perturbations Nevertheless, there still exist some gaps, that in certain area/field, remote sensing has not been fully exploited (e.g., HAB detection, etc.) Sea-truth observation is however definitely required in order to be able to fully exploit remote sensing observations Therefore, regional collaboration (data sharing) in the Asia-Pacific region is highly required, i.e., for calibrating and validating satellite data
Acknowledgments These works were partly supported by a grant from the Asia- Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN, ARCP2012- 21NSY-Siswanto) Collaborators from Nagoya University, Japan Research Institute for Agricultural Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Nha Trang Institute of Oceanography, and Burapha Univserity
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