st – th , 2006 Tomsk , , July July 1 1 st – 8 8 th , 2006 Tomsk Local and remote laser sensing Local and remote laser sensing of bio- -optical parameters optical parameters of bio in natural w aters in natural w aters Luca FIORANI and Antonio PALUCCI Luca FIORANI and Antonio PALUCCI Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment Italian Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment
PLAN PLAN • ELF (remote) – Principle: laser induced fluorescence (LIF) – Application: oceans • CLASS (local) – Principle: laser scanning flow cytometry – Application: natural waters (from wells to oceans) • CASPER (local) – Principle: LIF with double filtration and double excitation (patent pending) – Application: natural waters (from wells to oceans) Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 2
ELF ELF • ELF: Enea Lidar Fluorosensor – Transmitter: frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser (1) – Receiver: Cassegrain telescope (2) – Detection: optical fibers (3), bandpass filters (4), photomultiplier tubes (5) 1 45 3 2 Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 3
ELF: oceanographic campaigns ELF: oceanographic campaigns • 5 in Antarctica, 2 in the Italy-New Zealand transect – ELF is on board the Research Vessel Italica Container (outer) Container (inner) Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 4
ELF: data ELF: data • Raman scattering by water (1) → transparency • Fluorescence of CDOM, phycoerytrin, chl-a (2) → concentration of phytoplankton-related substances • Fluorescence of chl-a before & after a pump (3) → in vivo phytoplankton fluorescence yield • PAR (4) → electron transport rate 2 1 3 4 Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 5
ELF: thematic maps ELF: thematic maps • Many calibrated and georeferenced measurements Italian base Ross Sea December 1997 – January 1998 Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 6
ELF: advantages ELF: advantages • Vs satellite radiometer – Insensitive to cloud covers or ice debris ELF is a “connecting ring” – Accurate in turbid waters merging the accuracy of – Free from atmospheric in situ samplers and the corrections coverage of ocean color satellite radiometers – Operational H24 • Vs in situ sampler – Closer to the satellite coverage and resolution Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 7
ELF: comparing w ith radiometers ELF: comparing w ith radiometers • MODIS-Terra and ELF – 18 th Italian Campaign (01/05 – 03/04, 2003) – Daily L3 products (~ 4 km × 4 km) – Averaging of ELF data in a pixel (~ 4 km × 0.1 m) Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 8
ELF: comparing w ith radiometers ELF: comparing w ith radiometers • MODIS-Terra and ELF MODIS-Terra – 258 pixels are underestimates chl-a crossed by ELF 1270 times in 14 days – 14 “simultaneous” measurements – Weight = SQRT (# of pixels × # of crossings) – Slope without and with weights: 0.67 and 0.93 Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 9
ELF: calibrating chl chl- -a algorithm a algorithm ELF: calibrating • SeaWiFS and ELF – 16 th Italian Campaign (01/05 – 02/26, 2001) – 8-day L3 products (~ 9 km × 9 km, 8 days) LOG 10 (chl-a) LOG 10 (R 490 /R 555 ) – Averaging of ELF data in a pixel (~ 9 km × 0.1 m) Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 10
ELF: calibrating chl chl- -a algorithm a algorithm ELF: calibrating • SeaWiFS and ELF – Concurrent measurements: 1523 – Standard algorithm weakly overestimates high standard ELF-calibrated chl-a, strongly underestimates low chl-a Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 11
ELF: calibrating PP algorithm ELF: calibrating PP algorithm • Ross Sea calibration – BF (Behrenfeld and Falkowski 1997), S (Smith et al 2000) – New PP estimates are similar in algal blooms, higher in oligotrophic waters standard chl-a & BF ELF-calibrated chl-a & S difference Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 12
ELF: calibrating CDOM algorithm ELF: calibrating CDOM algorithm • SeaWiFS and ELF – 18 th Italian Campaign, 8-day L3 products, averaging of ELF data in a pixel – Concurrent measurements: 854 – Correlation between chl-a and a CDOM (440) (season) Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 CDOM chl-a Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 13
ELF: conclusions ELF: conclusions • Accuracy of in situ samplers and coverage of satellite radiometers have been merged by shipborne lidar. • Present estimates of chl-a and PP should be reviewed in the Antarctic coastal environment. • SeaWiFS-based CDOM retrieval is feasible. Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 14
CLASS CLASS • CLASS: Citometro LASer in flusso a Scansione (laser scanning flow cytometer) Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 15
CLASS: a Siberian story! CLASS: a Siberian story! • Laser scanning flow cytometry (LSFC) – Introduced in Novosibirsk by Maltsev et al – Laser (1), from the top, and sample (2), from the bottom, are collinear – Detection time of the scattered light (3), collected by the mirror (4), and scattering angle are related Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 16
CLASS: system CLASS: system • CLASS – System electronics optics hydrodynamics Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 17
CLASS: system CLASS: system • CLASS – Optics trigger indicatrix laser cuvette Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 18
CLASS: system CLASS: system • CLASS – Optical scheme Mirror 230 z Mirror 35 L 1 y 250 50 200 220 x PMT Mirror Iris (3 mm) 20 (with hole) IF indicatrix Cuvette 18 Pinhole (100 µ m) L 2 210 Objective diode laser PMT Mirror 405 nm Mirror trigger 70 40 Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 19
CLASS: system CLASS: system • CLASS – Cuvette Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 20
CLASS: results CLASS: results • First indicatrix – July 14 th , 2005: 2 µm spherical latex particles Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 21
CLASS: results CLASS: results • 2 µm spherical latex particles – Size (3) and refractive index (4) are computed by theoretical fits (2) on the measured indicatrices (1) 1 2 3 4 1.95±0.1 1.63±0.02 Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 22
CLASS: results CLASS: results • Penicillium Italicum – Size (3) and refractive index (4) are computed by theoretical fits (2) on the measured indicatrices (1) 1 2 3 4 2.6±0.4 1.56±0.10 Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 23
CLASS: results CLASS: results • Marine Synechocystis – Size (3) and refractive index (4) are computed by theoretical fits (2) on the measured indicatrices (1) 1 2 3 4 1.0±0.8 1.55±0.13 1.7±1.6 Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 24
CLASS: results CLASS: results • All particles – The Synechocystis sample was old Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 25
CLASS: perspectives CLASS: perspectives • Phase 1: scattering – Size and refractive index: done trigger indicatrix Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 26
CLASS: perspectives CLASS: perspectives • Phase 2: fluorescence – Pigments: preliminary results fluorescence Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 27
CLASS: perspectives CLASS: perspectives • Phase 3: polarization – Shape: preliminary results polarization Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 28
CLASS: perspectives CLASS: perspectives • Phase 4: multiple excitation (pump and probe) – Fluorescence yield: lasers under construction multiple excitation Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 29
CLASS: conclusions CLASS: conclusions • CLASS, a new laser scanning flow cytometer, operates at the ENEA Research Center in Frascati • Laser scanning flow cytometry has been applied for the first time to marine particles (August 2 nd , 2005) • Fluorescence and polarization channels have been implemented • In the near future multiple excitation will be added, thus enlarging the characterizing capabilities of marine particles by CLASS Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 30
CASPER CASPER • CASPER: Compact and Advanced laser SPEctrometer for Riade (RIADE is an Italian project to combat desertification) Tomsk, July 1 st 2006 Local and remote laser sensing in natural waters 31
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