Role of ecological indicators and Role of ecological indicators and GIS- -technologies in the complex technologies in the complex GIS assessment of ecological assessment of ecological conditions of the industrial conditions of the industrial agglomerations agglomerations G. А А . . Tolkacheva Tolkacheva , , Yu.I .Kovalevskaya Yu.I .Kovalevskaya, , L.A.Aksenova L.A.Aksenova, , G. Е . М . , Е . М l.Yu.Shardakova, l.Yu.Shardakova . Vidineeva Vidineeva , , N.G.Vereschagina N.G.Vereschagina Scientific research Hydrom eteorological Scientific research Hydrom eteorological I nstitute I nstitute ( NI GMI ) ( NI GMI ) Uzbekistan, Tashkent Uzbekistan, Tashkent
Study of ecological conditions of urbanized territories as Study of ecological conditions of urbanized territories as anthropogenically changed environment is based, first of all on the changed environment is based, first of all on the anthropogenically following conceptual approaches: : following conceptual approaches perm anent com prehensive analysis of the environm ent conditions, perm anent com prehensive analysis of the environm ent conditions, n n of the social- - and and- - econom ical indices of recipients including the econom ical indices of recipients including the of the social gross output, dem ographic factors, public health; gross output, dem ographic factors, public health; elaboration of the com plex criteria and indices of ecological elaboration of the com plex criteria and indices of ecological n n conditions of nature environm ents; conditions of nature environm ents; creation of bases and banks of data of m onitoring studies of the creation of bases and banks of data of m onitoring studies of the n n conditions of nature environm ent, resources, social- conditions of nature environm ent, resources, social - and and- - econom ical indices; econom ical indices; developm ent of the com plex eco- - indicators of the conditions of indicators of the conditions of developm ent of the com plex eco n n nature environm ent; nature environm ent; zoning of territories by ecological stress w ith the account of zoning of territories by ecological stress w ith the account of n n coefficients of ecological conditions and GI S- - technologies technologies . coefficients of ecological conditions and GI S .
Geography and Climate . • The Republic of Uzbekistan is located in the middle of Central Asia and shares its borders with Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tadjikistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan. • The area of Uzbekistan is part of the Aral Sea Basin. This basin is replenished by two main rivers: the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya. • More than 80% of the 445 sq. km. territory of Uzbekistan is covered by plains, In the south, the plains border the mountains of Tyan-Shan and Gissaro-Alay. • The mountains reach 4600 m in height. This region is known for its strong earthquakes (which sometimes register 8-10 on the Richter scale).
Demography and Administrative Structures. • More than 23 million people live in Uzbekistan. • Over 60 % of the population is rural. • The annual population growth rate exceeds 2%. This rate, however, is declining: in 1990, it was 2.9%; but in 1996, it fell to 2.3%. According to growth estimates, the population in the year 2000 will approach 25 million, and by the year of 2010 will break 30 million mark.
% 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 years 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 population irrigated areas
The capital of Uzbekistan is Tashkent, and it has a population of 2.3 million. The Republic of Uzbekistan consists of • 11 oblasts • the Republic of Karakalpakstan
§ Observations of the state of the atm ospheric air of every territory show ed that the sources of its pollution m ight have a global, regional and local character. § Global characteristics of pollution are connected w ith natural and m an-caused disasters, for instance, eruptions of volcanoes, fires and nuclear tests. § Regional character of air pollution in Central Asia is stipulated by deforestation, drying of w ater-sw am p lands and especially by a sharp reduction of the level of the Aral Sea. A huge territory ( 4 2 thousand km ") of desert w ith high content of salt has been form ed as a result of drying of the Aral Sea.
§ The pollution of atm ospheric air is defined not only by influx of polluting substances from natural and anthropogenic sources, but also by physical, geographic and clim atic conditions of the territory. Natural sources of dustiness of air are the Kara-Kum and Kizil-Kum deserts. § Anthropogenic air pollution in Central Asia is caused principally by industrial activities associated w ith chem ical and m etallurgical industries/ autom obile traffic in the larger cities, and the burning of fossil fuels for the generation of electrical energy and the provision of centrally supplied heat and hot w ater. § Motor transport, pow er plants, industries of oil and gas production, chem istry. black and non-ferrous industries, w ere identified as the m ost im portant am bient air em itting sources in Central Asia. These sources are ( m ainly) located in urban areas w here betw een 40 and 60% of the population lives.
§ As a result of econom ic activity of industrial and transport sources about 4 m illion tons of chem ical substances ( products of com bustion of fuel, reprocessing of raw , processing of m aterials) are spew ed yearly out into the air. During the recent years, as a result of curtailm ent of production and reduction of volum es of transportations, the em issions from both industrial and transport sources w ere reduced § The overw helm ing m ajority ( 96 % ) of all w aste is on such large- tonnage pollutants as carbon oxide ( 50 % ) , sulfur, nitrogen, and also hydrocarbon and firm substances, and only 4 % is em issions of specific high-toxic substances num bering over 150 nam es § Another im portant feature is the location of large industrial units in narrow m ountain valleys ( cities: Chirchik, Tashkent, Yangyjul, Nam angan, Andizhan, Fergana, Becabad, Angren, Akhangaran, Nurabad, Alm alik) , w here the local highland-valley circulation has resulted in air interchange of em ission products betw een cities and settlem ents
Khorezm Karakalpakstan Djizak Syrdarya Navoi Bukhara Samarkand Kashdarya Surkhandarya Namangan Fergana Andijan Tashkent city Tashkent 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Transport Industry Distribution of industrial and m obile sources em issions for regions
The greatest contribution to pollution of atm ospheric air is m ade by the enterprises of pow er com plex: 6 7 .1 % falls on such enterprises as "Uzbekneftegas" ( i.e. Uzbek n Oil and Gas Com pany) and the Ministry of Energy 2 .9 % of pollutants fall on the enterprises of m etallurgical n industry, building industry, m unicipal services, chem ical industry, food industry and light industry The oil-gas extractive and m anufacturing industry occupies the n first place am ong stationary sources of pollution; in 19 97 its em issions have am ounted to 2 98 .0 thousand tons, 3 3% of them hydrocarbons More than 1 00 m illion tons of oil and gas are burned dow n in the n flam e of industrial torches. Hydrocarbon and sulfuric anhydride are discharged into the atm osphere practically w ithout ( leaning every year)
Main criteria Main criteria Analysis of peculiar features of anthropogenic stress in the Analysis of peculiar features of anthropogenic stress in the conditions of the Republic of Uzbekistan has allow ed selecting of of conditions of the Republic of Uzbekistan has allow ed selecting the m ain criteria w hich can be used for calculation of the value the m ain criteria w hich can be used for calculation of the value of of ecological dam age w ith the up ecological dam age w ith the up- - to to- - date levels of m onitoring of the date levels of m onitoring of the m ain and specific ingredients of environm ent pollution and real m ain and specific ingredients of environm ent pollution and real possibilities of their assessm ent Biotic and possibilities of their assessm ent Biotic and abiotic abiotic indices can be indices can be distinguished w ith the account of the relevant im pact effects. distinguished w ith the account of the relevant im pact effects. Biotic indices include the ecological them atic, spatial and dynam ic Biotic indices include the ecological them atic, spatial and dynam ic n n criteria w hile the abiotic criteria w hile the abiotic ones ones – – the spatial and dynam ic ones. the spatial and dynam ic ones. Com plex indices of ecological conditions of ecological conditions of the nature environm ent of the nature environm ent Com plex indices n n are needed for calculation of ecological dam age. Algorithm of are needed for calculation of ecological dam age. Algorithm of calculation includes the coefficient of ecological conditions of calculation includes the coefficient of ecological conditions of the the given territory w hich is changing dynam ically from year to year given territory w hich is changing dynam ically from year to year and depends on the actual econom ical situation. and depends on the actual econom ical situation.
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