R&D OF A GAS-FILLED RF BEAM PROFILE MONITOR FOR INTENSE NEUTRINO BEAM EXPERIMENTS ∗ K. Yonehara † , M. Backfish, A. Moretti, A. V. Tollestrup, A. Watts, R. M. Zwaska, Fermilab, Batavia, IL 60510, USA R. Abrams, M.A. Cummings, A. Dudas, R. P. Johnson, G. Kazakevich, M. Neubauer, Muons, Inc., Batavia, IL 60510, USA Q. Liu, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA Abstract an electric feedthrough, which limits lifetime of the detector. We report the R&D of a novel radiation-robust hadron beam profile monitor based on a gas-filled RF cavity for in- • The RF signal can be remotely calibrated by measuring tense neutrino beam experiments. A time-domain RF power the quality (Q) factor of multi-RF cavity when the beam equation was simulated with an intense beam source to opti- is turned off. Impedance shifts due to radiation damage mize the sensitivity of monitor. As a result, the maximum are involved in the calibration. Remote calibration is acceptable beam intensity is significantly increased by using not possible for the present ion chamber. a low-quality factor RF cavity. The demonstration test is • The quality of RF monitor signal is independent from planned to prepare for future neutrino beam experiments. the gas pressure and gas impurity while the ion chamber INTRODUCTION is very sensitive to the fraction of those parameters. It is one of the sources of measurement error. Intense neutrino beam is a unique probe to research physics beyond the standard model. Fermilab is the center The main goal of the R&D is validating the concept and institution to create the most powerful and wide-spectrum developing the technology to apply the monitor for intense neutrino beam. Fermilab recently achieved consistent 700 neutrino experiments. kW proton beam delivery by using the Main Injector ring (NuMI) [1], but will need to almost triple this power to BEAM LOADING RF MODEL achieve the goals of future neutrino experiments. Two major A complete model of plasma production and plasma load- R&D activities have been going on to realize a multi-MW ing mechanisms in a gas-filled RF cavity is given in ref. [4,5]. power proton driver [2] and target [3]. On the other hand, the Here, simplified formulae are recalled from the model to radiation robust beam diagnostic system is critical to main- demonstrate how to tune the beam sensitivity in the RF mon- tain the quality of neutrino beam required for future physics itor. The plasma loading takes place when ionized particles experiments. To this end, a novel beam profile monitor based (electrons and ions) in the cavity gain a kinetic energy from on a gas-filled RF cavity is proposed. the RF field and lost the energy via the Coulomb interactions Gas in the cavity serves an ionization media by interact- with the gas. Especially, electrons are a good energy transfer ing with incident charged particles. The amount of beam- media because of their light mass. Therefore, controlling induced plasma is proportional to the number of incident par- the number of electrons in the plasma is the key to tune the ticles. The plasma consumes a RF power, so called plasma plasma loading. loading [4,5]. It is interpreted as an imaginary part of the per- The number of ion pairs, N e produced by crossing incident mittivity in the cavity [6] or a plasma resistance which is an charged particles in the cavity is given, ohmic RF power dissipation in plasma [7]. The beam profile is reconstructed by observing the amount of plasma loading N e = dE ρ Nl c P g , (1) from an individual cell of a multi-RF cavity assembly which dx W forms a hodoscope structure. The gas-filled RF monitor is potentially radiation robust where dE dx is a mean energy loss, ρ is a gas density at the and reliable by comparing to the present hadron monitor STP, N is the number of incident charged particles, l c is a based on an ion chamber [8] for following reasons. mean path length of incident charged particles, W is an ion pair production energy, and P g is a gas pressure. On the • A main component of the RF cavity is a simple metal other hand, the simplified plasma loading formula is, chamber. A low power RF ( ∼ mW) and near atmo- spheric pressurized gas are applied in the cavity, hence, µ E 2 ≡ V 2 ˜ P plasma = eN e (2) a simple RF window is used. On contrary, the struc- , P g 2 R g ture of present ion chamber is complicated, especially where e is a unit charge, ˜ µ is a net reduced mobility of an ∗ Work supported by Fermilab Research Alliance, LLC under Contract No. ion pair, and E is the RF gradient. V and R g are a RF volt- DE-AC02-07CH11359 and DOE STTR Grant, No. DE-SC0013795. † yonehara@fnal.gov age and a plasma resistance in an equivalent circuit model,
respectively. The reduced mobility in eq. (2) is a constant in 10 - 6 a low E / P g condition. Thus, eq. (2) suggests that P plasma Electron capture time [ s ] and R g are independent from the gas pressure. 10 - 7 An equivalent circuit diagram including with a RF source is shown in Fig. 1. The time-domain RF power equation 10 - 8 based on the equivalent circuit is given, 10 - 9 V = V 2 + V 2 ( V 0 − V ) + CV dV dt , (3) 2 R 2 R g 2 R c 10 - 10 where V 0 is the initial RF voltage. The shunt impedance of the cavity, R c is given by the observed Q factor, R c = QZ 0 , 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.50 1 where Z 0 is an intrinsic impedance, Z 0 = √ L / C ; That is O 2 mixing ratio constant and determined by the geometry of cavity. Figure 2: Electron capture time in O 2 doped N 2 gas (blue: P g = 1 atm, orange: P g = 2 atm, and green: P g = 3 atm). Figure 1: Equivalent RF circuit diagram. Control plasma population by electronegatives N e ˜ µ in eq. (2) is broken down to an electron and ion components, N e ˜ µ = n e µ e + n + µ + + n − µ − , (4) Figure 3: Blue line is a beam loaded RF envelope in atmo- spheric dry air filled RF cavity. The Q factor is 500. Green where n e , n + , n − , µ e , µ + , and µ − are a population and re- and orange correspond to the RF envelope with no-beam duced mobility of electron, positive ions, and negative ions, and a moving averaged of beam-loaded signal, respectively. respectively. Contributions of multi-charge state ions to the plasma loading is negligible, which is found from past mea- surements. This permits us to set n + ≈ n e + n − . By doping Because R and R c are a constant the equilibrium voltage is electronegative gas in the cavity, a great amount of electrons the function of R g which represents the intensity of incident are captured by the dopant. n e is a time-domain function charged particles in the cavity. Fig. 4 shows the simulated as exp ( − t /τ ) where τ is an electron capture time. Fig. 2 equilibrium voltage as a function of R g by solving eq. (5). A shows the estimated electron capture time in a O 2 doped N 2 . half of RF current goes to R c so that the voltage ratio V / V 0 The RF power simulation suggests that the required τ for is a half without plasma ( R g = ∞ ). The lowest acceptable LBNF application is shorter than 10 ns while τ in an atmo- designed value V / V 0 is set 0.05 to hold the reasonable signal- spheric dry air is ∼ 6 ns. Because the electron capture is the to-noise ratio. In case of LBNF, the range of R g is 1,800- three-body process τ reaches sub-ns in 3 atm dry air. Other 18,000 Ω so that the designed Q factor 500 will be optimum. electron attachment processes, e.g. a charge recombination or escape fast electrons from the cavity are negligible. Fig. 3 shows the simulated 2.45 GHz RF envelope by DEMONSTRATION TEST solving eq. (3). The beam parameters are taken from the LBNF application. A sawtooth RF envelope (blue line) is The concept will be verified in the demonstration test. the timing of injected bunched beam into the cavity. Because The plasma loading will be measured as functions of beam electrons are quickly captured by the dopant the RF voltage intensity and the concentration of electronegative dopant. is partially recovered in a ∼ 20 ns bunch-gap. One of the technical challenges is measuring a low power RF An averaged RF envelope reaches equilibrium after 4 ∼ 5 signal in a low Q factor RF cavity. Two step demonstrations bunches due to balancing between the plasma loading and are considered to establish the RF monitor technology. the feeding RF power. The equilibrium RF voltage is given from eq. (2), Table-top test R g R R c V A main goal of the table-top test is developing the low . (5) = R g + R + R g V 0 power RF signal measurement in a low Q factor RF cavity. R c R
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