UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE BARCELONA Programa de Doctorado en Ciencia y Tecnología Ambientales Life cycle assessment of municipal solid waste technologies, organic waste, and compost application to crops Roberto Quirós Vargas Directores: Dr. Xavier Gabarrell Durany Dr. Gara Villalba Méndez 1
CONTENT Introduction, objectives and methodology Chapter 1 Technologies to treat municipal solid waste Chapter 2 Environmental assessment of three fertilizers Chapter 3 applied in horticultural crops Environmental assessment of two home compost Chapter 4 with low and high gaseous emissions Guidelines for compost production Chapter 5 Life cycle assessment of fertilizers applied in a Chapter 6 crop sequence Discussion, conclusions and future perspectives Chapter 7 2
CHAPTER 1 Introduction, objectives and methodology FROM VEGETABLES TO VEGETABLES 3
Chapter 1. Introduction CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF INCREASING IN WASTE GENERATION Population increasing Increase in Urban Industrial activities waste infraestructure increasing generation increasing Impacts GWP Collapse of landfills Leachate 4
Chapter 1. Introduction EUROPEAN UNION LEGISLATION AND WASTE FRAMEWORK • Landfill Directive 1999/31/CE • EU Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC 5
Chapter 1. Introduction MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN EUROPEAN UNION BY TREAMENT EU 27 2010 39% recycled o composted 24% incinerated 37% landfilled EU-27 Landfill Incineration Recycling Composting 6 Source: Eurostat, 2014
Chapter 1. Introduction ORGANIC MATTER AND MINERAL FERTILIZERS IN FIGURES • In EU-27, MSW generation was 252 millions tonnes in 2010. • MSW with a organic matter content of 30-40%. • A potential COMPOST production of 35-40 million tonnes. • In EU-27 MINERAL FERTILIZER consumption was about was 18 million tonnes in 2010. • Part of this … Source: Eurostat, 2012 7
Chapter 1.Objectives OBJECTIVES 2. To compare the 1. To assess the organic fiber environmental and resulting autoclaving agronomical performance of unsorted municipal solid there fertilization treatments waste. applied in horticultural open field crops. 3. To assess two home 4. To assess organic and compost with low and high mineral fertilizers applied in a gaseous emissions of the crop sequence. composting process. 8
Chapter 1. Methodology METHODOLOGY (Life Cycle Assessment) LCA 9
Chapter 1. Methodology LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) GOAL AND SCOPE • Functional unit • Boundaries • Quality of data • Main assumptions INVENTORY ANALYSIS Input and outputs of INTERPRETATION energy, water and materials related to FU IMPACT ASSESSMENT • Classification • Characterization • Calculation 10
Chapter 1. Methodology METHODOLOGIES FOR IMPACT CALCULATION Category Acronyms Units Abiotic depletion potential ADP Kg Sb eq. Acidification potential AP Kg SO 2 eq. CML 2001 Eutrophication potential EP Kg PO 4 eq. University of Leiden Global warming potential GWP Kg CO 2 eq. Ozone layer depletion potential OLDP Kg CFC-11 Photochemical oxidation potential POP Kg C 2 H 4 eq. METHODOLOGIES Climate change CC Kg CO 2 eq. FOR IMPACTS CALCULATION Photochemical oxidation formation POF Kg NMVOC Terrestrial acidification potential TA Kg SO 2 eq. Freshwater eutrophication potential FE Kg P eq. ReCipe 2008 Marine eutrophication potential ME Kg N eq. University of Leiden Fossil depletion potential FD Kg oil eq.** and Pré Consultant Cumulative energy demand CED MJ eq. **Oil crude feedstock, 42 MJ per kg, in ground 11
Chapter 1. Methodology LCA GENERAL METHODOLOGY APPLIED FOR CASE STUDIES Data were Goal and scope experimentally obtained Inventory from laboratory trials and real scale (GICOM and IRTA) Impact categories calculation SimaPro CML ReCipe CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 3 LCA of alternative Environment Life cycle Environmental and methods to treat assessment of two assessment of agronomical organic fabric of home compost fertilizer applied in a assessment of three unsorted MSW crop sequence fertilizers Interpretation 12
Chapter 1. Methodology METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES FOR THE CULTIVATION PHASE PLOT LOCATION AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Primary pipes Location 14.2 m Experimental Field Santa Susana, Barcelona Mineral 9.5 m 41° 38′27′′N, 2 ° 43′00′′E, Mineral fertilizer M3 M2 M1 Fertilizer Home 9.5 m Home compost HC1 HC2 HC3 compost Plot size ~ 440 m2 Industrial Three blocks of ~ 146 m2 9.5 m Industrial compost IC1 IC2 IC3 compost Three replicates of ~ 48 m2 Well Tank pipes water Secondary pipes storage 13
CHAPTER 2 • The application of alternative methods for treating the organic fiber produced from autoclaving unsorted municipal solid waste: Case study of Catalonia. 14
Chapter 2. Introduction INTRODUCTION Waste problem … New technologies to reach EU goals Autoclaving a novel technology to treat unsorted MSW For countries with NO selective waste collection system To treating the residual fraction from Eco Parks RESIDUAL FRACTION FRON ECOPARKS 15
Chapter 2. Introduction AUTOCLAVING TECHNOLOGY DEFINITION AND OPERATION CONDITIONS 1. DEFINITION Autoclaving is a hydrothermal process that takes place in a moist environment with high pressures and temperature. (Papadimitriou, 2007). 3. OPERATION CONDITONS 2. MAIN CHARACTERISTICS (FULL SCALE FACILITY) Recovering over 95% of the residues Volume: 35 m 3 Separate biodegradable materials Capacity: 4 tonnes / hour Reduce waste volume up to 80% Pressure: 6 bars Compaction of plastics Temperature: 145 ºC No odors, no liquid emissions Cycle time: 30 minutes. Sterilization of pathogens Electrical consumption: 120 kwh/tonne Thermal consumption: 167 kwh/tonne Water consumption:125 Liters /tonne 16
Chapter 2. Introduction AUTOCLAVING PROCESS Arrival of unsorted waste stream 1 Waste is placed on the conveyor for sorting 2 Manual separation of bulky waste 3 Autoclaving process take place high pressure 4 Separation of organic fiber (<3% impurities) 5 Separation of recyclable fractions: PET, mixed plastic, metals, textils, and impropers (stones) 17
Chapter 2. Objective OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE • To assess the environmental performance of the organic fiber from autoclaving process. 18
Chapter 2. Methodology SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT Functional Unit: 1 tonne of unsorted MSW TW CCW Passive Piles Areated piles unsorted Autoclaving and Organic MSW fiber sorting ADC – T CT ADC-M Tunnels unsorted Incineration MSW 5 alternatives for unsorted Reference biological Landfill MSW technologies treatments 19
Chapter 2. Methodology B IOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES CONSIDERED FOR THE PROCESING OF THE ORGANIC FIBER FROM AUTOCLAVING CCW (confined windrow TW (turning windrow) Simple composting) No gaseous emissions treatment Low investment Low energy consumption Complex CT (composting in ADC (anaerobic digestion Gaseous emissions tunnels) + composting) treatment High investment High energy consumption 20
Chapter 2. Methodology MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE SYSTEM BOUNDARIES A B ADC-T ADC-M C TW Technologies CCW CT 21
Chapter 2. Methodology INVENTORIES PER TECHNOLOGY Processes Stages Flow Units CT CCW TW ADC-T ADC-M Waste kg 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Water L 130 130 130 130 130 Inputs Common processes - same Electricity kWh 120 120 120 120 120 Autoclaving Thermal kWh 167 167 167 167 167 outputs and inputs Mixed sub-products kg 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Outputs Water L 130 130 130 130 130 Mixed sub-products kg 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Inputs Electricity kWh 25 25 25 25 25 High yield for organic fiber Organic fiber kg 547 547 547 547 547 Mixed plastic fraction kg 301 301 301 301 301 55% Mixed plastic fraction Sorting PET kg 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 Outputs 30% Ferrous metals kg 22 22 22 22 22 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 Non-ferrous metals kg Refuse kg 124 124 124 124 124 Organic fiber kg 547 547 547 547 547 CT: Complex technology Bulking agent kg 328 328 328 187 187 • High electricity Water L 0.31 0.08 n/a 0.07 0.07 Imputs Electricity from grid kWh 118 36 5 25 18 consumption. Elec. self generation kWh n/a n/a n/a 53 35 • Low gaseous emissions Diesel L 1 5 3 2 2 Biological NH3 kg 0.06 1.09 2.35 0.13 0.13 treatments VOC kg 0.20 3.40 3.12 0.47 0.47 N2O kg 0.041 0.04 0.137 0.019 0.019 CH4 kg 0.19 0.92 2.39 1.31 1.31 TW: Simple technology Outputs CO2 kg 214 214 214 186 201 • Low energy Biogas m³ n/a n/a n/a 113 75 Compost kg 332 327 322 311 311 consumption Bulking agent kg 328 328 328 67 108 • 22 Highest emissions
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