Overview of Related ITU Activities APT/ITU Joint Workshop on ENUM and IDN Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam 21-22 May 2004 Robert Shaw <robert.shaw@itu.int> ITU Internet Strategy and Policy Advisor International Telecommunication Union
Agenda • Introduction to ITU • Understanding Network Trends • Impact of Internet Protocol (IP) Networks on ITU • ITU Mandates Relating to IP-based Networks and Internet Names and Addresses • Some Specific ITU Activities • Internet Governance International Telecommunication Union
Introduction to ITU International Telecommunication Union
International Telecommunication Union • International organization within the United Nations (UN) system where governments and private sector coordinate global telecom networks and services • Founded in 1865, 189 Member States and more than 700 private sector members • Headquarters Geneva, 11 regional offices, 800 staff / 85 nationalities International Telecommunication Union
ITU mission • Maintain and extend international cooperation in telecommunications • Technical and policy assistance to developing countries • To harmonize actions of Member States and promote cooperation between Member States and Sector Members International Telecommunication Union
ITU mission • To promote at international level, the adoption of a broader approach to issues of telecommunications in the global information economy and society • To extend the benefits of telecoms to all the world’s inhabitants • “Helping the world communicate” International Telecommunication Union
ITU structure: simple view Telecommunication Telecommunication Telecommunication Telecommunication Radiocommunication Radiocommunication Standardization Development Standardization Development Sector (ITU-R) Sector (ITU-R) Sector (ITU-T) Sector (ITU-D) Sector (ITU-T) Sector (ITU-D) Management of the Establish internationally Assistance to developing radio-frequency agreed technical and countries to facilitate spectrum and satellite operating standards connectivity and access, orbits used by services “Recommendations” for foster policy, regulatory such as fixed, mobile, networks and services and network readiness, broadcasting, amateur, expand human capacity space research, through training meteorology, global programmes, formulate positioning systems, financing strategies and environmental e-enable enterprises in monitoring and safety developing countries of life at sea and in the skies. International Telecommunication Union
ITU structure: complex view ITU PLENIPOTENTIARY CONFERENCE ITU PLENIPOTENTIARY CONFERENCE COUNCIL WORLD CONFERENCE ON COUNCIL WORLD CONFERENCE ON INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNCIATIONS INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNCIATIONS Radiocommunication Telecommunication Telecommunication Radiocommunication Telecommunication Telecommunication Sector (ITU-R) Standardization Development Sector (ITU-R) Standardization Development Sector (ITU-T) Sector (ITU-D) Sector (ITU-T) Sector (ITU-D) World/Regional Radiocommunication World World Conference (WRC) Telecommunication Telecommunication Radiocommunication Standardization Development Assembly (RA) Assembly (WTSA) Conference (WTDC) Radio Regulations Advisory Group (TSAG) Advisory Group (TDAG) Board (RRB) Study Groups Study Groups Advisory Group (RAG) Study Groups Secretariat Secretary-General Secretariat ITU TELECOM Deputy Secretary-General Director Director Director Radiocommunication Telecommunication Telecommunication International Telecommunication Bureau (BR) Standardization Bureau (TSB) Development Bureau (BDT) Union
Understanding Network Trends International Telecommunication Union
Impact of New Technologies • Technology-driven industries like the communications sector historically been characterized by steady growth punctuated by “giant leaps” forward, usually when “new” technology is introduced • Usually also corresponds to periods of rapid economic growth International Telecommunication Union
Impact of New Communication Technologies • This historical pattern has been repeated numerous times: – 1840’s: telegraph 1865: ITU Created – 1870’s: telephone – 1890’s: radio telegraphy or “wireless” – 1920’s: radio broadcasting – 1950’s: television broadcasting – 1960’s: geostationary satellite communications – 1970’s: computer communications – 1980’s: optical communications – 1990’s: Internet and mobile communications International Telecommunication Union
Impact of New Technologies • In the last part of the twentieth century, the almost simultaneous arrival of two major innovations — mobile phones and the Internet — not only changed the face of communications, but also gave impetus to dramatic economic growth International Telecommunication Union
Mobile and Internet: identical twins born two years apart? Users (millions) and penetration per 100 pop. 1,000 18 Mobile subscribers 16 Internet users 800 14 Mobile penetration 12 Internet penetration 600 10 8 400 6 4 200 2 0 0 International 1992 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 Telecommunication Union
Distribution of mobile and Internet users by region (end 2002) Estimated Internet users: 625 million Americas, 22% Asia-Pacific Africa, 40% 3% Americas, Asia-Pacific 35% 35% Europe 35% Europe 28% Africa, Mobile phone 2% subscribers: 1.16 billion International Telecommunication Union
Understanding telecommunication trends: growth of the Internet • 10-15 years ago – Focused around academia and research – Primarily North American – Not-for-profit – Used primarily for email and file transfer • 1990’s – Growth throughout OECD countries Interregional Internet Backbone – Begun “privatisation” of backbone Much work to be 1,172.4 Mbps – Primarily a channel for the Web and done to improve global Internet USA & connectivity… Canada email 41,820.1 Mbps 162,250.1 Mbps s p b 7 M 6 6 – Wide disparity in connectivity . 9 6 Asia & . 9 M 3 Europe 1 b Pacific , p 4 1 s 444.8 Mbps – “Dot.com” mania rules Latin Arab America & States & 68 Mbps Caribbean Africa – Some thought Internet was suitable Source: TeleGeography Inc., Global Backbone Database. Data valid for Mid-2001. platform to subsume all existing networks & services International Telecommunication Union
Internet Interregional Backbone 1,172.4 Mbps 21 st Century: much work to be done USA & 75% traffic is Canada intra-regional s 1 p 6 b 2 M , 2 1 5 14,139.9 Mbps . 0 0 . 2 1 8 766.6 Mbps M , 1 4 b p s Asia & 1% traffic is Europe intra-regional Pacific 444.8 Mbps Latin Arab America & States & 68 Mbps Caribbean Africa International Telecommunication Union Source: TeleGeography Inc., Global Backbone Database. Data valid for Mid-2001.
More recent trends • Birth of Broadband • Growth in wireless networks and mobile data services • Mobile overtakes fixed – LDCs have fastest growth in mobile (e.g. Africa) – Mobile Internet and multimedia applications • Advent of “ubiquitous networks” & “portable Internet” (WiMax) • Future of millions of IP-enabled “appliances” International Telecommunication Union
Broadband penetration, per 100 inhabitants, 2002, by technology Korea (Rep.) 21.3 HK, China 14.6 Canada DSL 11.5 Cable Taiwan, China 9.4 Other Iceland 8.7 Denmark Breakdown of technology 8.6 worldwide, 2002 Belgium 8.4 Sweden 7.7 45% Austria 6.6 Netherlands 6.5 50% United States 6.5 Switzerland 6.3 Japan 6.1 Singapore 5.5 5% International Telecommunication Finland 5.3 Union
Mobile Overtakes Fixed The year 2002 marked an historic turning point in the history of telephony: the year when mobile subscribers overtook fixed-line subscribers worldwide Global fixed lines and mobile subscribers, millions 1'600 1'400 Fixed lines Actual Est. 1'200 Mobile 1'000 800 600 400 200 0 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 Source: ITU World Telecommunication Development Report, 2002: Reinventing Telecoms. International Telecommunication Union
20 years of sector reform • ~20 years ago, AT&T formally agreed to the break-up of the Bell system • 10 years ago, around 10 countries had some measure of fixed-line competition • 5 years ago, in concluding the WTO basic telecoms agreement, some 70 countries committed to telecoms market liberalization • Countries with privatized operators and some degree of competition are in majority among ITU Member States • World now numbers 123 separate regulatory bodies, up from 30 in 1994 International Telecommunication Union
But many challenges to the policy & regulatory environment • All policy makers and regulators - both new and old – both developed and developing economies - struggling to address changes resulting from convergence of information and communication (ICT) sectors • Build-out of networked economies and national information societies have raised public policy stakes • National telecommunication infrastructures are now platform for deployment of advanced national info- communications networks • Result: broader ICT perspectives from policy makers and regulators International Telecommunication Union
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