Overview Overview Navigation Patterns and Usability of Zoomable Navigation Patterns and Usability of Zoomable User Interfaces with and without an Overview User Interfaces with and without an Overview Domain Name Based Visualization of Web Domain Name Based Visualization of Web Navigation and Zooming Navigation and Zooming Histories in a Zoomable Zoomable User Interface User Interface Histories in a Does Zooming Improve Image Browsing? Does Zooming Improve Image Browsing? By: Peter McLachlan By: Peter McLachlan Zooming and Tunneling in Tioga: Supporting Zooming and Tunneling in Tioga: Supporting Navigation in Multidimensional Space Navigation in Multidimensional Space Constant Information Density in Constant Information Density in Zoomable Zoomable Interfaces Interfaces 2 Definitions and Problems Definitions and Problems Definition of a zoomable Definition of a zoomable interface is based on two interface is based on two Navigation Patterns and Usability Navigation Patterns and Usability characteristics: characteristics: 1) Information objects are organized in space and scale 1) Information objects are organized in space and scale of of Zoomable Zoomable User Interfaces with User Interfaces with 2) Users interact directly with the information space, mainly through 2) Users interact directly with the information space, mainly th rough panning and zooming panning and zooming and without an Overview and without an Overview Zoomable interfaces come in two flavors: interfaces come in two flavors: Zoomable Geometric zooming where the zoom scale is linear with the Geometric zooming where the zoom scale is linear with the � zoom multiplier zoom multiplier Semantic zooming where objects may change shape at different Semantic zooming where objects may change shape at different Hornbaek, K., , K., Bederson Bederson, B., and , B., and Plaisant Plaisant, C. , C. � Hornbaek zoom levels zoom levels Few empirical studies have thoroughly investigated the Few empirical studies have thoroughly investigated the usability of zoomable usability of zoomable user interface user interface The results of current studies have been inconclusive The results of current studies have been inconclusive 3 4 Relevant previous work Proposed Solution Relevant previous work Proposed Solution Overview and detail has been found useful Overview and detail has been found useful This article presents an empirical analysis This article presents an empirical analysis in many previous studies in many previous studies of of zoomable zoomable user interfaces with and user interfaces with and without an overview: without an overview: Empirical investigations of zoomable zoomable Empirical investigations of � Whether the overview affects usability Whether the overview affects usability interfaces have been inconclusive to date; interfaces have been inconclusive to date; generally the experimental results were generally the experimental results were � How the overview influences the way users How the overview influences the way users navigate information spaces navigate information spaces mixed mixed � How different organizations of information How different organizations of information spaces may influence navigation patterns and spaces may influence navigation patterns and usability usability 5 6 1
The experiment The experiment No Overview No Overview Users were provided an 'overview interface' and Users were provided an 'overview interface' and a 'no overview' interface to solve 10 tasks on a 'no overview' interface to solve 10 tasks on each of two differently organized maps each of two differently organized maps Three hypothesis for the experiment: Three hypothesis for the experiment: 1) Recall of objects on the map would be better with the 1) Recall of objects on the map would be better with the no no- -overview interface overview interface 2) Users would prefer the overview interface 2) Users would prefer the overview interface 3) The overview interface would be faster for tasks 3) The overview interface would be faster for tasks requiring the comparison of information objects and requiring the comparison of information objects and scanning large areas scanning large areas 7 8 With Overview With Overview Maps Maps Maps were selected as the experiment subject matter Maps were selected as the experiment subject matter The information contained in the map of Washington and The information contained in the map of Washington and Montana differed in their layout: Montana differed in their layout: The map of Washington showed map objects at three scales: The map of Washington showed map objects at three scales: � county level, city level and landmark level county level, city level and landmark level Montana displayed all 806 labels at scale 7 Montana displayed all 806 labels at scale 7 � The objective of differentiating these two maps was to The objective of differentiating these two maps was to represent information spaces that present the user with represent information spaces that present the user with richer navigation cues (the Washington map), whereas richer navigation cues (the Washington map), whereas the Montana map was intended to show a flat the Montana map was intended to show a flat organization with weak navigation cues. organization with weak navigation cues. 9 10 10 Tasks Experimental Design Tasks Experimental Design The experiment consisted of two parts: The experiment consisted of two parts: 10 tasks created for each map 10 tasks created for each map Using one map with the overview interface Using one map with the overview interface � 5 navigation tasks Using the other map without the overview interface Using the other map without the overview interface 5 navigation tasks � Within each of these four possible combinations four Within each of these four possible combinations four 5 browsing tasks 5 browsing tasks permutations of task types were also randomly assigned. permutations of task types were also randomly assigned. Each of the resulting 16 groups contained 2 subjects. Each of the resulting 16 groups contained 2 subjects. The solutions to the tasks were evenly The solutions to the tasks were evenly Key dependent variables included: Key dependent variables included: Accuracy of questions answered Accuracy of questions answered distributed across the map, and answers distributed across the map, and answers � Task completion time Task completion time � were located at different scales. were located at different scales. Preference Preference � Navigation activities Navigation activities � Users were also given 2 recall tasks to test Users were also given 2 recall tasks to test All interactions were logged and the number of All interactions were logged and the number of pan/zoom actions and distances were measured. pan/zoom actions and distances were measured. their memory. their memory. 11 11 12 12 2
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