Ide ology in Gr ammar , the Par is-L ondon-Unive r sität Salzbur g, 10-12, Apr il 2014. Multiglossic Ar abic fr om the pe r spe c tive of ide ologic al c onc e ptions Kazuhiko Nakae Kansai Gaidai Unive r sity Osaka, Japan nakae @kansaigaidai.ac .jp - 1 -
I . 、 INT RODUCT ION L inguistic r e se ar c h of Ar abic language 1- the gr ammar of Old Ar abic type fr om the pr e -Islamic e r a 2- the gr ammar of Ne o- Ar abic type fr om the Me die val e r a - 2 -
II. 、 Aim of this r e se ar c h 、 Why do pe ople want to stic k to the gr ammar of Old Ar abic type , that is pr e sc r iptive gr ammar ? Is it fr om the ide ologic al pe r spe c tive ? - 3 -
III. 、 Signific anc e of this r e se ar c h 1- motive of linguistic c hange 2- ide ology- induc e d linguistic c hange as an ine vitable pe r spe c tive 3- the basic thinking whic h Ar abic spe aking pe ople tr aditionally have . 、 T his r e se ar c h is par t of a lar ge r study that aims to e luc idate the ac tual situation of the mutual inte r ac tion on the c ontinuum be twe e n Old Ar abic type and Ne o-Ar abic type . - 4 -
IV. 、 Pr e liminar ie s : T he te r m Classic al Ar abic star te d to be use d in 19th c e ntur y in the we ste r n, e spe c ially Ge r man, sc holar ly tr adition : 、 Nölde ke (1896), Caspar i (1897), Br oc ke lmann (1904), 、 Völle r (1906), Re c ke ndor f (1921), F üc k (1950) ... Classic al Ar abic is de pic te d in the fr ame wor k of the we ste r n philologic al tr adition and it is diffe r e nt fr om the de sc r iption of Me die val Ar ab gr ammar ians (Ar ab L inguistic T r adition). - 5 -
Standar d Ar abic : the mode r nize d ve r sion of the gr ammar of Old Ar abic type with muc h influe nc e of Ne o- Ar abic . Politic al standar dization : Politic al ide ology (Pan-Ar abism and Ar ab nationalism) c r e ate d Standar d Ar abic , ar ound the 19th c e ntur y. Ac quisition of this gr ammar thr ough sc hool e duc ation T he e duc ate d e lite s only posse ss the knowle dge of Standar d Ar abic . - 6 -
Colloquial Ar abic : Native language of Ar abs is the ir r e gional c olloquial Ar abic . Ar abic spe aking ar e a e xpands wide ly so that var ious kinds of c olloquial Ar abic e xists. Ar abic diale c t ? : T his is not the 'standar d - diale c t' r e lation. As for Standar d Ar abic : 、 X c ohe r e ntly pr e vale nt 、 X native spe ake r , at le ast of its or iginal diale c t 、 X one of the diale c ts whic h had sync hr onic ally e xiste d - 7 -
V. 、 Standar dization pr oc e ss V- 1 、 Standar dization of Ar abic in Islamic e r a T he past plays an authe ntic ating and le gitimating r ole in the standar dization pr oc e ss. “It is a we ll-known fac t that the pr e stige of Ar abic in the wor ld de r ive s fr om the r ole of the language as a me dium of the Qur ʾā n and that of the vast inte lle c tual tr adition to whic h Islam has give n r ise sinc e its appe ar anc e on the wor ld stage in the se ve nth c e ntur y.” (Sule iman 2003 : 42-43) - 8 -
Re ligious standar dization abic in the Qur ʾā n fur “T he e mphasis on Ar the r r e fle c ts the pr ivile ge d position of the language among the Ar abs of pr e - Islamic Ar abia as the me dium of the ir most highly pr ize d c ultur al pr oduc t, poe tr y.” (Sule iman 2003 : 44) As e ar ly as the e ighth c e ntur y (fr om the e nd of se ve nth c e ntur y to e ighth c e ntur y CE ) Ar abic gr ammar was c odifie d oze n to fix. → Pr and fr e sc r iptive Ar abic - 9 -
V- 2 、 Pr e sc r iptive nor m - - - nor mative bind - - - pur ism Codifie d gr ammar : a nor m to avoid and e liminate r e gional c olloquial influe nc e s. “c olloquial wor ds ar e a linguistic illne ss and we must pr ote c t our language and our pe ns fr om the ir hove r ing in the vic inity.” (Mu ḥ ammad al - Xa ḍ ar Ḥ usayn 1934) abic = fu ṣḥā . (pur pur e , pr e stigious and authe ntic Ar e ) ‘L inguistic F undame ntalism’ - 10 -
V- 3 、 Diglossia - - - Multiglossia guson (1959) → multiglossia by Har diglossia by F e r y (1992) “T he syste matic natur e of the inte r me diate var ie ty in Ar abic ar gue s for a one - syste m mode l. T his syste m inc lude s a c ontinuum with two e xtr e me e nds : the ac r ole c t [=pr e sc r iptive Ar abic ] ... and the basile c t, or Colloquial Ar abic . In the middle , the me sole c t, one finds c ountle ss var ie tie s, or le c ts, use d by native spe ake r s on diffe r e nt oc c asions and unde r var ious c ir c umstanc e s.” (Har y 1992, 28) ([ ] adde d) - 11 -
inte r mixtur e (Shivtie l 1995, 215) : Nor mally pr e sc r iptive ( Fu ṣḥā ) Ar abic is mixe d with the ir r e gional c olloquial ie tie s ( ʿĀ mmiyya ) in gr var ammar and style . "T he se ... ar e , of c our se , the pole s of the dic hotomy : the r e ar e many inte r me diate and mixe d language s, whic h se r ve var ious c ommunic ative func tions. Until the 20th c e ntur y, for about 1400 ye ar s, the c olloquial had be e n c onside r e d an infe r ior language , not fit for use as a ve hic le of lite r atur e ." (Rose nbaum 1995, 143) - 12 -
mixing in the phonologic al le ve l ﺎﻨﺣا ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺔﻜﻴﻜﺤﻟا ﺔﻠﻣﺎﻜﻟا فﺪﻬﻟاو ﻦﻣ ﺞﻣﺎﻧﺮﺒﻟا ﻮﻫ نا ﺎﻨﺣا مﺪﻜﻧ رﻮﻬﻤﺠﻠﻟ ﺔﻜﻴﻜﺤﻟا ﻻو ءﻲﺷ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺔﻜﻴﻜﺤﻟا i ḥ na barn ā mig il -ḥ ak ī ka l - k ā mila wi - l - hadaf min il - barn ā mig huwa inn i ḥ na nkaddim li - l - gumh ū r il -ḥ ak ī ka wa - la š ay ʾ g ē r il -ḥ ak ī ka T he y c an only pr onounc e / k/ (voic e le ss ve lar plosive ) ac c or ding to the ir c olloquial nor m whe n the y should pr onounc e / q/ (voic e le ss uvular plosive ) in the pr e sc r iptive nor m. - 13 -
mixing in the mor phologic al le ve l 1 'e ye ' + dual suffix ʿ ayn - ayn, ʿ ayn -ē n, ʿē n -ē n ◯ (matr ix : c olloquial) ʿē n - ayn, ʿī n - ayn X (matr ix : pr e sc r iptive ) 'think' + pr o.suffix (3f.sg) tafakkar - it, itfakkar - it ◯ (matr ix : c olloquial) itfakkar - at X (matr ix : pr e sc r iptive ) - 14 -
mixing in the mor phologic al le ve l 2 Although Spe ake r s nor mally use the c omple te c olloquial for ms, the y te nd to lam + jussive (pr iptive ) to m ā + perfect (c olloquial) . pr e fe r e sc r (le ft side ) (r ight side ) lam ʾ ara - hu ⇄ m ā ra ʾ ay - tu - hu ⇄ m ā ra ʾ - ē t - o ⇄ m ā š uf - t - o (I didn’t se e him.) c lassism - 15 -
mixing in the syntac tic le ve l (1) ʾ ayy mu ḥā fi ẓ ʿ ind - ina yur ī d ʾ an yakun ʿ ind - u ǧā m ʿ a (any governor in our country wants to have a university) (2) ʾ illi ni -šū f - ha wa ʾ allati na ʿīš- ha (which we see and experience) (3) ʾ il - mu š kile ba ʾ a ʾ inna - n ā ʿ ind - an ā n ā s mi š kways - a w - mumkin tusruq it - tall āǧ a nafs - a - ha (The problem remains that we have bad people and it is possible to steal the refrigerator itself.) (27March 2014 pc) - 16 -
mixing in the le ve l of se nte nc e and be yond (4) yubu ṣṣ i hina huwwa ʿā yiz yir ūḥ il -ḥ aram ṣ a ḥīḥ huwa l -ḥ aram sikitu ʾ al -ē h ʾ inna - m ā huwa hawa ya ʿ ni ʾē h ʿ adala ʿ an - i l -ḥ aqq - i ʾ ila hawan fi nafs - i - hi ras ū l ill ā h ma ʿ amal -š kida m ā ḍ alla ṣāḥ ib - u - kum wa - m ā ġ aw ā . ( š ayx Mu ḥ ammad M. Š arawi, Š arqiyya, 1997) (He looks he r e . T r ue , he wants to go to the ka’aba. T his is the way towar ds it, but what was it that he wante d ? He de viate d fr om the r ight path for a de sir e in his soul. T he Pr ophe t of God did not do that. You c ompanion = Mu ḥ ammad has not str aye d ; he is not de lude d.) (Bassioune y 2013 : 60) ʿ adala ʿ an - i l -ḥ aqq - i ʾ ila hawan fi nafs - i - hi (from some ḥ ad ī s ) m ā ḍ alla ṣāḥ ib - u - kum wa - m ā ġ aw ā (53 al - na ǧ m - 2 ) - 17 -
(5) ʾ alay - hi fa - l - nattaqi ll ā h - a ta ʾā l ā wa - li - na ǧʿ al - a l - qur ʾā n - a l -ʾ a ẓī m rab īʿ- a qul ū b - i - na wa - li - na ʾ xud min - hu ma fi ʾ- na li -ʾ i ṣ l āḥ duny ā- na wa -ʾ is ʿā d - i ʾ uxr ā- na ( š ayx ʿ abd al -Ẓā hir, al - q ā hira, 1999) (L e t us fe ar God, and make the glor ious Qur ’an the spr ing of our he ar ts. L e t us take fr om it what we want to r e for m our wor ld, and make our se lve s happy in the he r e afte r .) nominalization : Colloquial Ar abic < Pr e sc r iptive Ar abic ʾ i ṣ l āḥ < nu ṣ li ḥ (we reform) ʾ is ʿā d < nus ʿ id (we make happy) T he spe ake r te nds to c hange his spe e c h style to the c olloquial base d one unc onsc iously : a de viation fr om the pr e sc r iptive Ar abic in the dir e c tion of Colloquial Ar abic - 18 -
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