Motor Vehicle Inspection Motor Vehicle Inspection Summary Summary and Maintenance: The and Maintenance: The • Air Pollution Causes Serious Health and Worldwide Experience Worldwide Experience Environmental Problems • A Comprehensive Strategy is Needed • I/M Plays A Critical Role • The Keys To Successful I/M • Conclusions Michael P. Walsh International Consultant M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 2 2 Benzene Concentration in The Global Health Impact of Ambient Air of Delhi Urban Air Pollution 2000 2001 2002 2003 45 4 0 40 3 5 35 Annual Premature Deaths Total: 799,000 30 28 2 6 2 6 2 5 21 2 5 25 21 Other 312,000 20 39.0% 14 15 13 11 Asia 10 487,000 61.0% 5 0 Source: WHO The World Health Report 2002 Residential Area Industrial Area Traffic Intersection M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 3 3 M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 4 4 1
Annual average concentration of Air quality Trends of RSPM / PM 10 Benzo(a) Pyrene Levels in RSPM in in Major Cities 45 Res. Areas % Calm Conditions the Ambient air of Delhi NAAQS (Res. Areas) 38.5 40 150 300 80 Concentration (µg/m 3 ) Res. Areas NAAQS (Res. Areas) (Source: NEERI, Nagpur) Concentration (µg/m 3 ) % Calm Conditions 125 250 35 56.1 60 200 50.8 100 42.6 150 30 40 75 100 24.8 24 23.8 50 23.5 25 50 20 B (a) P Conc. (ng/m3) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2001 2002 2003 Delhi 20 Mumbai Res. Areas NAAQS (Res. Areas) 15 140 3 ) Concentration (µg/m Res. Areas NAAQS (Res. Areas) 120 10 Concentration (µg/m 3 ) 200 100 80 150 5 60 100 40 0 20 50 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Chennai Year Kolkata M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 5 5 M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 6 6 Lung Function Impairment in Concentration of PM 2.5 , PM 10 , and Residents of Delhi TSPM in Delhi ( Traffic Intersections Give The Highest Readings ) (Non-smokers) 60 PM 2.5 PM 10 TSPM 53.9 700 589 50 Pattern of impairment 46.1 562 600 Concentration (µg / m3) 510 % of individuals 40 500 413 400 30 322 24.7 307 299 292 300 229 20 14.2 200 149 153 135 137 128 7.2 10 100 46 0 0 Normal Impaired Restrictive Obstructive Combined February March April June July M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 7 7 M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 8 8 Months 2
New Vehicle Standards in India New Vehicle Standards in India ELEMENTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE VEHICLE POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY CLEAN • Entire Country VEHICLE – Euro 2 – April 2005 TECHNOLOGY – Euro 3 – April 2010 • Major Cities TRANSPORTATION APPROPRIATE – Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, & LAND USE MAINTENANCE PLANNING Hyderabad & Ahmedabad, Pune Surat, Kanpur & Agra Already Euro 2 – Tighter emission norms for all private vehicles, city public service vehicles and city commercial CLEAN vehicles FUELS • Euro 3 From April 2005 • Euro 4 From April 2010 M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 9 9 M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 10 10 Delhi: Air Quality Improvement Plan (AQIP) Delhi: Air Quality Improvement Plan (AQIP) India Diesel Fuels Road Map Chronology of Recent Actions Chronology of Recent Actions 2001: Transport, Industry & Urban – Replacement of all post-1990 3-wheelers and taxis 2500 National Metros with new vehicles on clean fuels – Sulphur content in diesel reduced to 0.05% in 2000 select outlets 1500 – Number of CNG vehicles increases: 14000 3-w; 2200 taxis; 400 buses; 250 RTVs; 9500 private 1000 (26350 total) – Piped NG by March to 2821 domestic, 15 small and 500 5 large commercial establishments – Hazardous Industry closure continues: total of 0 3538 closed Current 2005 2010 Conti… M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 11 11 M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 12 12 3
CNG Situation in Delhi CNG Situation in Delhi Delhi: Air Quality Improvement Plan (AQIP) Delhi: Air Quality Improvement Plan (AQIP) January 1, 2005 January 1, 2005 Chronology of Actions Chronology of Actions 2002: Transport & Urban • Buses 10,352 94 CNG stations setup up by March • Minibuses 4,999 All diesel buses phased-out / converted to CNG. • Taxis 5.69 Number of CNG vehicles increases further: • Three Wheelers <60,000 35678 3-w; 4816 taxis; 4231 buses; 2165 RTVs; • Pvt. Cars 10,895 10350 private (57240 total) • CNG Stations 126 Piped NG by March to 4111 domestic, 37 small, and 5 large commercial establishments 16340 non-destined good vehicles turned away from entering Delhi between July and November M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 13 13 M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 14 14 International Best Practice International Best Practice Linkage Between Fuel Sulfur and Linkage Between Fuel Sulfur and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Is Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Is PM Emissions PM Emissions Spreading Spreading 5000 0.06 4500 PM Filter 4000 0.05 3500 Oxidation Catalyst 3000 India grams/kilometer 0.04 PM Emissions PPM 2500 Continues 2000 Other PM To Lag 0.03 Sulfur 1500 1000 0.02 500 0 0.01 n 3 6 0 5 9 4 7 g 6 6 0 6 0 0 5 0 7 9 0 0 0 - a 0 9 0 0 1 - n 0 0 0 1 . 0 5 p 5 9 0 0 0 0 o 0 0 . 9 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 a 0 e 1 2 2 2 2 K 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 J 0 l i S S U U n g a a d h a a s a a 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 2 2 a U U i i i i E E a n e n i n C o U l d d d d p n r a a r o i n n n n a o h , t E a H r l o Fuel Sulfur i I I e I I J p K C t s a g a M h h , u a PPM J i A T i t e a t u p i n d o i a a n S S T I M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 15 15 M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 16 16 4
One of the Weakest Aspects of the India One of the Weakest Aspects of the India Program Has Been the PUC I/M Program Program Has Been the PUC I/M Program I/M Plays A Critical Role � Test procedures and norms did not adjust to changing vehicle characteristics such as catalysts � PUC Center operators are not trained Improved Vehicle Maintenance � Equipment not maintained / calibrated � Proper test procedure not followed Deterrent To Tampering � No well defined criteria for authorizing /registering PUC Center � No auditing of PUC Center Deterrent To Misfueling � Lack of centralised agency for co- ordination Primary Enforcement Mechanism For Other � The number of vehicles undergoing PUC test is very small and absence of Strategies control mechanism to identify vehicles escaping PUC Alternative Fuel Retrofit � No analysis of the data collected � Existing system is prone to tampering Other Retrofit M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 17 17 M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 18 18 Vehicle Inspection and Vehicle Inspection and Lessons From Mexico City I/M Lessons From Mexico City I/M Maintenance (I/M) Program Maintenance (I/M) Program Program Program • Purpose: • General Attributes: • Test and Repair • Test Only-Centralized – Relatively short – Very convenient for – Good Technical and – To Assure that vehicle vehicle owners Administrative Control – Relatively simple is properly maintained – Very Difficult to – Design program for • Test Types and used Control profitability – Idle – Identify Dirtiest – Often Degenerates – Legal framework to – 2-Stage Idle Vehicles & Get Them into a visibly flawed favor sanctions – Steady Speed Loaded Repaired program with no Public – Minimize impact of – Transient Loaded – Identify Unsafe Support technician on Results • Variety of Safety Tests vehicles & Get them Repaired Source: John Rogers M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 19 19 M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 20 20 5
Lessons From Mexico Lessons From Mexico Lessons From Mexico Lessons From Mexico Gasoline Vehicle Testing Protocols Gasoline Vehicle Testing Protocols Harness Public Opinion Harness Public Opinion • Program success depends on public support • Easy to generate False Pass on Static (Idle) • Program benefits must be seen to outweigh Tests social costs • Dynamometers and NOx testing are essential to • Must be seen to be effective, totally objective, minimize False Passes transparent and focused on the gross polluters • Short, loaded-mode, constant-speed test (ASM) • Well enforced, supervised and audited easy to operate at reasonable investment and • False Passes critically damage public opinion cost • Design the Program to minimize False Passes from Day One • Dynamic tests technically better but more difficult for low-skill technicians Source: John Rogers Source: John Rogers M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 21 21 6/4/2005 6/4/2005 Enhanced PUC system Enhanced PUC system Developed By ARAI Developed By ARAI Problems with Idle CO Testing Problems with Idle CO Testing Idle CO check : • Revision in Idle emission norms based on the year of vehicle manufacture. • Proper extension pipes especially for 2&3 wheeler • Introduction of idle HC emission standards vehicles are not used • Introduction of idle CO and HC emission norms for CNG / LPG • Chances of leakages in the system leading to low vehicles readings • Will have improved test methods for gasoline and diesel vehicles • Four gas analyzer for better accuracy • Carburetor adjusted to pass the test • Measurement of Engine oil temperature and engine rpm for repeatable and consistent smoke readings • • Training of PUC center operators by equipment suppliers and institutionalize the complete system • Calibration of equipment three times per year • Communication capability with computer for data transfer and storage M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 23 23 M.P. Walsh M.P. Walsh 24 24 6
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