Methods to make societal drivers in social-ecological systems - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TAPAS WS Helsinki 11-12 May 2016 Methods to make societal drivers in social-ecological systems visible Eva-Lotta Sundblad, Anders Grimvall, Are Vallin, Lena Gipperth, Richard Emmerson, Andrea Morf

DPSIR D riving forces R esponse P ressure on via policy environment S tate of I mpact on environment welfare Smeets & Witerings. Environmental indicators: typology and overview. European Environment Agency (EEA( 1999) Technical report no 25)

DPSIR has weaknesses ? Driving forces ? ? Response Pressure on via policy environment • Driving force is a vague and anonymous concept • The link between Response and Pressure can be long and unclear

BPSIR – a framework that makes actors visible Behaviour of actors Response Pressure on via policy environment Impact State of on environment welfare Marine Policy 2014 (45) p 1-8

Societal phenomena We want to make visible the actors, behaviours and structures in society that are the causes of the pressure.

Swedish inputs of phosphorus into the sea Municipal Agricultural land sewage 960 tonnes systems 270 tonnes On-site Storm Industry sewage water 280 systems 100 tonnes 190 tonnes tonnes Baltic Sea 2016-04-20 Data from Ejhed et al. 2014

Direct and indirect actors

Methods to make important actors and behaviours visible 1. Use model of flow of substances and goods 2. Link actors and behaviour to physical flows 3. Find additional actors and behaviours by influence analysis 4. Develop indicators

Generic model of substance flows from society to nature Export Export Import Export Import Import Distribution Consumption Distribution of consumer and use of of producer goods products goods Waste Production Export management Import Society Nature Air Soil Seawater Freshwater System boundary

Phosphorus flows in the agriculture and food sectors in Sweden (tonnes) Mineral fertilizers 10800 Other fertilizers 860 Food, feed Fodder 8304 Food 5760+300 5560+540 Export Export Import Import Export Import Distribution Consumption Distribution of consumer and use of of producer goods products goods 1420 Waste 4095 +5663 Nonagric. use +730 2420 1300+1190-2190 Export Waste Production management Import Society Nature Air Soil Seawater Freshwater Atm. deposition 123 Losses to water 924 System boundary

Import & Import & export 5 800 export 6 100 6 100 Feed processing Retailers Retailers 1600 Food processing 10 000 Retailers, 7 400 10 000 groceries Fertilizer industry Crop Livestock prod. Import & export Bio- waste Sludge 17 640 Consumer, Caterers, e.g. house- Restaurants holds 1 340 Rural Atm. Dep. 650 Sewage systems 6020 On-site/rural 123 Municipal 280 Leaching soils, manure handling, grazed lands Soil 290 Waste handling 925 Waters 4 460 Phosphorus flow from food in Sweden Lawns, landfills

Import & Import & export 5 800 export 430 500 6 100 6 100 Horse Dogs, Feed processing keeping cats etc. Detergent Retailers 1600 manu- Food processing facturers Manure Fodder phosphates 10 000 Losses, grazed lands & Retailers, 7 400 manure handling Import & 10 000 groceries export 810 Fertilizer industry Crop Livestock prod. Import & export Ethanol production Fodder Bio- export waste 742 17 640 Consumer, Caterers, e.g. house- Restaurants holds Bio- 1 340 Biomal 1 215 fuel production Industry, Timber Rural e.g. forest, paper & Atm. Dep. 650 Biowaste pulp Sewage systems Product 6020 On-site/rural 123 export Municipal 280 Leaching soils, manure handling, grazed lands Storm 290 Soil 290 water Waste handling 100 925 1 490 650 Waters 4 460 Phosphorous flow: Entire Swedish society Lawns, landfills

Benefits from substance analysis Identifies important sectors - Food, - Wood/paper industry, - Transport/energy production Identifies activities and activity types - Consumption - Retail - On-site sewage systems

….. and by product-analysis we can identify actors Example: Actors in the product chain for beef

Chain: beef and its actors Distributors production Distributors consumption Importer Retailer Purchaser crop Retailer fodder Wholesalers Grocery stores Consumption, red fertilizers fertilizers (e.g. (e.g. Lant- (eg Lant- groceries (e.g. ICA) meat (e.g. (Yara) Lantmännen) männen) männen) (ex ICA) households in Gothenburg) Waste Producers Producers Crop farmer Producers Livestock Sewage Waste Purchasers and farmer fertilizers fodder (e.g. processors, treatment management (Yara) Lant-männen) beef Municipal plants (eg Scan) (e.g. Gryaab) N P N P N P

Methods to make important actors and behaviours visible 1. Model of flow of substances and goods 2. Link actors and behaviour to physical flows 3. Find additional actors and behaviour by influence analysis 4. Develop indicators

The REVAQ – Trade Federation Swedish WWF – organisation of Swedish Water & Project Save for Swedish Wastewater Farmers the Baltic general Association (LRF) dealers Distributors production Distributors consumption Importer Retailer Purchaser crop Retailer fodder Wholesalers Grocery stores Consumption, red fertilizers fertilizers (e.g. (e.g. Lant- (eg Lant- groceries (e.g. ICA) meat (e.g. (Yara) Lantmännen) männen) männen) (ex ICA) households in Gothenburg) Waste Producers Livestock Producers Crop farmer Producers Purchasers and Sewage Waste fertilizers fodder (e.g. farmer processors, treatment management (Yara) Lantmännen) beef Municipal plants (eg Scan) (e.g. Gryaab) Project: Balanced farming

Benefits from influence analysis • Reveals perspectives, attitudes and beliefs of individuals • Identifies other actors • Reveals demands between actors

Methods to make important actors and behaviours visible 1. Model of flow of substances and goods 2. Link actors and behaviour to physical flows 3. Find additional actors and behaviour by influense analysis 4. Develop indicators that describe the phenomena

Indicators - Societal phenomena • Import of P as input to farming, 19.964 tonnes/year * . • Total flow of P to waste water plants from consumers, 6.020 tonnes/year * • Consumption of beef per capita *2013 Lindholm och Mattson

Societal indicators describe and they may - Clarify which phenomena are significant or insignificant - Help establish links to indicators of pressure - Help prioritize between measures - Strengthen the follow –up measures

Potential that four societal phenomena may reduce Swedish nutrient inputs into the sea  Protein intake  Phosphorus additives in food  Unnecessary food waste  Horse keeping

Large consumption of animal protein

Daily intake of protein via protein-rich foods: current and alternative diets 2016-04-20

Emissions from production areas and sewage systems 2016-04-20

Summary of potential reductions of Swedish nutrient inputs to the sea Socitetal phenomenon N itrogen (tonnes/y r ) Phosphorus (tonnes/yr) Agricultural Sewage Total Agricultural Sewage Total production systems production systems Protein intake 5148 3674 8822 72 124 196 Phosphorus added to food 60 60 — . — . — — Unnecessary food waste 300 50 350 4 2 6 Horse keeping n.a. n.a. 5 5 — — 267 Total 5348 3724 9172 186 81 2016-04-20

Study conclusions • There is a substantial potential to reduce nutrient inputs into the sea by influencing choices by and behaviour of individuals and organisations • A lower protein intake and removal of phosphorus additives in the food industry could be sufficient to fulfil Sweden’s phosphorus commitment in BSAP. 2016-05-09

SUGGESTED NEXT STEPS • A pilot study involving several countries • Compile national lists of societal phenomena that may influence the pressure on marine waters • Encourage national case studies of the root causes of nutrient inputs to the sea • … 2016-04-20