J.S. Zhang, Syracuse University 4/9/2005 College of Engineering and College of Engineering and Computer Science Computer Science Outline Outline Syracuse University Syracuse University � Introduction Introduction � • Common causes of IAQ problems Common causes of IAQ problems Material Emissions • Material Emissions • Typical contaminant sources • Typical contaminant sources and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) • Why study material emissions? • Why study material emissions? � Material Emission Studies Material Emission Studies � • “Finger print” “Finger print” --- --- What What VOCs VOCs are emitted ? are emitted ? • By • How fast are the emissions? • How fast are the emissions? Dr. J. S. (Jensen) Zhang • Impact of material emissions on IAQ • Impact of material emissions on IAQ Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and � Summary Summary � Manufacturing Engineering Manufacturing Engineering � Research needs Research needs � Typical contaminant sources: outdoors Typical contaminant sources: outdoors Common Causes of IAQ Problems Common Causes of IAQ Problems � Poor ventilation Poor ventilation � � Outdoor and indoor contaminant Outdoor and indoor contaminant � sources sources � Perceptions due to Perceptions due to � • poor thermal conditions (e.g., high RH) • poor thermal conditions (e.g., high RH) • poor lighting poor lighting • • high noise level • high noise level • job stress, …, etc. job stress, …, etc. • 1
J.S. Zhang, Syracuse University 4/9/2005 Typical contaminant sources: indoors Building material emissions Typical contaminant sources: indoors Building material emissions Why Study Material Emissions? Material Emission Studies Why Study Material Emissions? Material Emission Studies � 300+ 300+ VOCs VOCs identified (accounts for identified (accounts for � � Chemical analysis: Chemical analysis: What are emitted? What are emitted? � over 50% indoor contaminants) over 50% indoor contaminants) ----The “finger print” The “finger print” ---- � Many Many VOCs VOCs can cause discomfort and can cause discomfort and � adverse health effects adverse health effects � Emission rates over time Emission rates over time -- -- How fast, How fast, � � Indoor VOC concentrations are usually Indoor VOC concentrations are usually � how long and how much? how long and how much? much higher than outdoors much higher than outdoors � Impact on Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Impact on Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) � 2
J.S. Zhang, Syracuse University 4/9/2005 Identification of VOCs Identification of VOCs emitted: headspace analysis emitted: headspace analysis Chemical Analysis Systems (GC/FID and GC/MS) Chemical Analysis Systems (GC/FID and GC/MS) Three Oil- -based Wood Stains based Wood Stains - - Headspace Headspace Two Water- Two Water -based (Latex) Paints based (Latex) Paints – – Headspace Headspace Three Oil T IC : [ B S B 1 ]W S 1 - H S 1 .D A b u n d a n c e decane PT4 WS3 T IC : 9 8 0 2 0 9 - 6 .D 1 5 1 .5 e + 0 7 A b u n d a n ce 1 .4 e + 0 7 nonane 1 .3 e + 0 7 2-methyl 2-propanol 5 1 .2 e + 0 7 4 5 0 0 0 0 1 .1 e + 0 7 2-butanone P T 4 ( L a te x ) - H e a d s p a ce 1 e + 0 7 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 - m e th y l 2 - p r o p a n o l 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 6 undecane 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 8 1 0 3 5 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 2 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 3 1 8 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 1 7 4 1 9 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 5 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T i m e - - > 2 6 .0 0 2 8 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 2 .0 0 3 4 .0 0 3 6 .0 0 3 8 .0 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 T I C : [ B S B 1 ] W S 5 - H S . D A b u n d a n c e acetone 1-butanol 1 . 8 e + 0 7 1 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 a ce to n e 1 . 7 e + 0 7 1 - b u ta n a l WS6 1 . 6 e + 0 7 1 . 5 e + 0 7 5 5 0 0 0 0 1 . 4 e + 0 7 9 1 . 3 e + 0 7 1 3 0 1 . 2 e + 0 7 T im e - - > 1 . 1 e + 0 7 5 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 5 .0 0 2 0 .0 0 2 5 .0 0 8 1 e + 0 7 6 1 1 1 2 1 6 PT6 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 T IC : 9 8 0 2 0 9 - 7 .D 1 5 1 9 4 A b u n d a n ce 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 2 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 4 1 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 P T 6 ( L a te x ) - H e a d s p a ce 1 8 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 acetone 1 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 n-butyl ether T i m e - - > 0 2 6 . 0 0 2 8 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 3 2 . 0 0 3 4 . 0 0 3 6 . 0 0 3 8 . 0 0 T I C : [ B S B 1 ] W S 5 - H S 1 . D 1 4 0 0 0 0 A b u n d a n c e 8 a ce to n e 2 . 1 e + 0 7 2 e + 0 7 n - b u ty l e th e r 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 . 9 e + 0 7 1 . 8 e + 0 7 WS9 ethyl acetate 1 . 7 e + 0 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 . 6 e + 0 7 1 3 1 9 1 . 5 e + 0 7 1 2 e th y l a ce ta te 1 . 4 e + 0 7 9 8 0 0 0 0 1 . 3 e + 0 7 7 1 . 2 e + 0 7 1 6 1 1 1 . 1 e + 0 7 6 0 0 0 0 1 e + 0 7 4 1 4 1 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 5 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 8 2 4 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 2 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 T im e - - > 5 .0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 5 .0 0 2 0 .0 0 2 5 .0 0 T i m e - - > 0 2 6 . 0 0 2 8 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 3 2 . 0 0 3 4 . 0 0 3 6 . 0 0 3 8 . 0 0 3
J.S. Zhang, Syracuse University 4/9/2005 Particleboard (at t= 24 h, by GC/FID) Particleboard (at t= 24 h, by GC/FID) Material Emission Studies Material Emission Studies 9 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 � Chemical analysis: What are emitted? Chemical analysis: What are emitted? 1 � ----The “finger print” ---- The “finger print” 1 Hexanal � Emission rates over time Emission rates over time -- -- How fast, how How fast, how � α -Pinene 2 2 long and how much? long and how much? 3 Camphene 3 β -Pinene 6 4 • Environmental chamber testing Environmental chamber testing • α -Terpinene 5 – Small chambers – Small chambers 6 Limonene – Full Full- -scale chambers scale chambers 5 – γ -Terpinene 7 4 • Mathematical modeling • Mathematical modeling 7 – Emission models (sources) – Emission models (sources) 0 – Sorption models (sinks) – Sorption models (sinks) 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 F i l e n a m e : D : \ R E S E A R C H \ M E \ D R Y _ P R O D \ W O O D \ P A R T B O ~ 1 \ P B 0 4 \ P B 0 4 - 0 4 . R U N C h a n n e : l A = F I D � Impact on Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Impact on Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) � Small Environmental Chamber Facility Small Environmental Chamber Facility Small Environmental Chamber Facility Small Environmental Chamber Facility -- Testing of sources/sinks, air purifiers, & sensors -- at Syracuse University at Syracuse University Testing of sources/sinks, air purifiers, & sensors Stainless steel Stainless steel chambers chambers VOCs Clean air supply Clean air supply Sorbent Tube Air Entry Air Exit FID Thermal GC Test Chamber Detector Desorber Test Material Temperature controlled Temperature controlled enclosure enclosure 4
J.S. Zhang, Syracuse University 4/9/2005 A Full A Full- -scale Chamber System at NRC scale Chamber System at NRC VOC emission characteristics of a wood stain VOC emission characteristics of a wood stain Comparison between modeled and measured concentrations Comparison between modeled and measured concentrations Emission from wood stain: Emission from wood stain: (Nonane) EXP WS2 (Nonane) Model -- a three period process a three period process -- (Decane) EXP 10000 (Decane) Model (Undecane) EXP (Undecane) Model 1000 (Dodecane) EXP (Dodecane) Model (TVOC) EXP 100 (TVOC) Model 3 ) Conc. (mg/m 10 1 0.1 0.01 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Elapsed Time (h) 5
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