Mainstreaming Migration in National Development P lanning Initial - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mainstreaming Migration in National Development P lanning Initial Evidence and Tentative Recommendations based on a survey in Mon State ZawOo Centre for Economic and Social Development Tel: 01 654 770, Email: zawoo.cesd@gmail.com 05 O ctober 2017 CESD

CESD Introduction

CESD Background and Survey 3 05/10/17

4 • I ly, historica I ly) • Vibrant rural economy= rice+ rubber, fruits to a lesser degree Relatively well off compared to other cultu regions Income, education, nutritional outcomes, etc. Relative peace compared to neighboring ethnic states due to long-standing ceasefires Recently operating electricity plants Mainstreaming Migration - Zaw Oo ra ly, CESD I Mon State: Small open economy Patterns of migration flows \ Sou roe: Thematic reporu on � migration and urbanization, , MOLIP, December 016 people, located in one of the most dynamic center of migration flows • Mawlamyaing (Moulmein) = fourth largest city in Myanmar, pop about 400k • Connectivity to Thailand ( physica • South-Eastern Myanmar with 2-3 million 05/10/17

CESD Q'2U1� " hanlyin Focus group discussions ).*+�il on community questionnaires • Key informant interviews M•eWoo9r and consultations tl.lK :o+ Regional government ofgicials - May 2016 Seminar with newly elected regiona I parliamentarians in Cnnt�lc August 2016 5 Mainstreaming Migration - Zaw Oo interviews In-depth household Surweys 1680 Households Field survey during May- �,..<O@� .../ I • � .../ June 2015 ....- • Madauld .././ TAK � 140 enumeration areas dy Waw ·"( (12 hh / EA) ' • Qualitative surveys in late 2015 goo 05/10/17

6 Sourc,e: MoUP, 2016 Mainstreaming Migration - Zaw Oo • Out-mihrbtjoo • In-mihrbtion Ayeyawady Mon Magxay Baho Ciin - -----�------'JQ---�-- --- -....• ·-� :�i population In/out migration rate per 1,000 sexes CESD higher) in both darker areas are migration (the international highest number of Mon state has the 200.0 250.0 high in-migrants unlike others. (yellow} while receiving very domestic out-migration rate in Myanmar with highest Mon state is one of five regions A vibrant migrant state? 05/10/17

7 475,939 28,212 76,788 18,047 14,249 63,375 6,132 5,013 40,922 8,099 5,393 190,311 107.8:6 147,360 Mon state has the highest concentration of rubber plantations in Myanmar, generating nearly half of rural agriculture income. Rubber production re q uire s k illed tappers who migrate to wor k in Thailand ' s rubber industry. I I 43.025 95,494 CESD < 5,000 Im pa c t o f M i g ration on A g ri c ulture Rubber Planting Areas in 2012 (Ha) Top five rubber plantation regions, 2012 t Ay� Kaciin • >100,000 51,011-101,000 10,011 "(51,000 5,001-10,010 State/Region 115,00: Mpn Tanintiarzi Kbyin Shan Bbgo Total Mainstreaming Migration - Zaw Oo Rubber planted Tr e e productive Production [ton) area [hecuarf] ar,ea [iectase) 187.977 05/10/17

8 All • Resource Extraction Livestock • Salaried Labor C Remittances are dependent ies mill incom:e fa more upper­ • 1ncom.e household CESD • 20% of rural Mainstreaming Migration - Zaw Oo 80 5 4 3 2 1 0 20 0 40 60 Income Quintile - Per capita 0 100 Importance of remittances in rural families • Agricultural Proeuction • Non-farm Enterprise • Wage Labor • Fishing • Credit and Other 05/10/17 /17

9 Massive and accelerating international migration CESD 05/10/17

10 Thailand Minimum Wage $8.38 $7.09 $2.77 Myanmar Malaysian Peninsula 2015 USD 1 • The majority, 84% of international migrants from Mon state went to Thailand Mainstreaming Migration - Zaw Oo 0 2 CESD • Malaysia A common income-generating strategy • 49.5% of households have a migrant (long­ term) • Within Myanmar • Thailand • Rest of World 3 9 8 7 6 5 4 05/10/17

11 2000 CESD 2020 2010 Mainstreaming Migration - Zaw Oo Year migrant lefu 2000 20201990 2010 Graphs by current location 1990 Accelerating migration C? Lt'* G* - C; Returned Currently abroad • Becoming easier to migrate legally (Thai law and Myanmar's liberalization since 2012) 05/10/17

12 0 CESD Mainstreaming Migration - Zaw Oo Households without migrants • Household with migrants 5 4 3 2 1 % households with migrants, by income quintile 10 Migration and wealth 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 • Richer households more likely to have migrants 05/10/17

13 9.6% Mainstreaming Migration - Zaw Oo By gender Males Females 24.3 23.7 8.6% 8.1% 10.2% 4.9 89.6% 5.3 27.3% 25.7% 51.3% 53.9% 89.3% 89.9% 845 681 CESD 1526 52.5% Migrants are mostly young men and Percent who never completed women • 75% are aged 16-35 • 45.6% are female Percent female Mean age at time of departure Percent under 16 years old Percent over 45 years old Average yea rs of schooling primary schooling 26.6% Percent from a landless household Percent who do not own land themselves Number of Observations All migrants 45.6% 24.0 8.4% 9.9% 5.1 05/10/17

14 0 25 to 29 20 to 24 15 to 19 10 to 14 5 to 9 Under 5 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 35 to 39 Number of People in Thousands 1- Males - Females I Source: Mon State Rural Housfhold Surwey, May-June 2015 Mainstreaming Migration - Zaw Oo CESD 30 to 34 :// M'ssing labor force 65 to 69 Mon State Rural Male and Female Population by Age, 2015 95 to 100 90 to 94 85 to 89 80 to 84 75 to 79 70 to 74 [ 40 to 44 60 to 64 ::K 55 to 59 e 50 to 54 C? 45 to 49 Q* 05/10/17

15 rp 4500 CESD Mainstreaming Migration - Zaw Oo Wages in Mon state, North to South � 2500 � 3000 � 3500 a; 4000 Q* � 5000 Upward Pressure on Wages Um 5500 Sharp gradient throughout the state • ly over the past few years No1mina·1 rate increased sharp: • ($3) Daily wage in Mon ($5) higher than rest of Myanmar • 05/10/17

16 Development implications CESD 05/10/17

18 50.00% High Sdhool Abpvf High Scioom Otier s 0.00% 10.00& 20.00% 30.00& 40.00% 50.00& • Male • Fenale • 5.50% • The majority of migrants {80%) have education under high school. • The youth 1(57%) and adult {37%) or active-employment age are highest categories of migrant • High level of families with children living with seniors (grand-parents) are facing vicious cycle of low education, early drop-outs and dependency on migration. Mainstreaming Migration - Zaw Oo Under H�h Schopl Omimd (0.14) CESD 60% Impacts on families Education of Migrant5: By Gender 78%88.61% Age Distribution of Migrant5 Smiort {abowe 64) 0% Adulu {25-64) 37.40% 90% 80% 70% 50% -- -- 40% 30% 20% 10% Youuh(15-24) 57% l1%8.80% 0% IJ• l.S0�-40% 4.SO'~i.40% 05/10/17

19 13.2% Mainstreaming Migration - Zaw Oo Cursing remittance-dependent families to migrate more/long • lowest - 6.4%, fueling consumption and construction boom Not always productive investment, business investment is • 100% 3.7% 2.5% 5.6% 5.8% 6.4% 7.9% 9.3% 19.3% CESD Donations to monasteries Impacts of remittances Largest expenses made using remittances(% of responses) House construction Purchase agricultural land Pay medical expenses Purchase land for housing Purchase agricultural assets/ fishing 26.4% equipment Pay debts Purchase durable assets Other TOTAL All migrants 05/10/17

20 Leveraging migration for development CESD 05/10/17

21 � Rubber sector in Mon State can offer Mainstreaming Migration - Zaw Oo plantations to improve productivity. migrants can train interns in labor-scarce anize tapper training - return MoALI org, � G overnment can certify skill-standards and requiring government support employment and sustainable income rubber. Skill training: Reviv·ng rubber intensity processing generate low quality productivity while women in low­ � Unskilled tapping can undermine Mon State labor dominates rubber value chains in � Women (often unskilled) and transit CESD productivity in national export strategy 27/02/17

Microfinance for migrants: Innovative connecting value • departure communities Unsafe jobs Costs hun� Bonded �w skilled remitted labor and adding and • Remiutances High Debt and Investments chains Savings Career Plan ). Migrants and migrant families are regarded by traditional MFls as high risk borrowers although they have more stabl"e wages and guaranteed income. , Department of Financial Service Regulation under MoPF can encourage microfjnance solutions and products for migrants and their dependent families Mainstreaming Migration - Zaw Oo from Pre­ 22 financial inclusion strategies Illegal • Vicious Cycle High-risk, ,low-cost border- crossing trafficked a J Sub-optima I Mi crofi na nee lnfervennons, entry ocial investment exploited • Virtuous Cycle Skills Training • Job CESD ��:�ked t welfare gains for dependent families and High savings, Matching 05/10/17