Land Use Policy Implications of Mangrove Afforestation in Accreted - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

“Land Use Policy Implications of Mangrove Afforestation in Accreted Char-lands of Bangladesh Coastal Areas: A Case Study from Hatiya Island of Noakhali District” KISINGER Chakma (201326034) Supervisor: Professor MASUDA Misa Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Tsukuba University 15 December, 2014 1

Planted mangrove forest in Hatiya island CONTENTS • Background • Research Hypothesis and objectives • Location of the study area • Methodology • Preliminary Results • Primary discussion • Future Works Clearing mangroves for agriculture and habitation in Nijhum island of Hatiya 2

Background: Forest coverage of Bangladesh Natural Forest Coverage (% of mangrove Planted Total land area): forest 4.08% mangroves Non-mangrove 0.89% 11.1% (World Bank, forest 6.29% 2013a) 11.26% (BFD, 2011) Deforestation Rate: .2% (World Bank, 2013) Non forest area 88.74% Mangrove plantation has been continuing in the accreted lands by the BangladeshForest Department (BFD) since 1965 3

Background: Land accretion and formation of Island in Accretion Erosion the Bay of Bengal 1973-1979 1979-1984 Period 1984-1990 1990-1996 1996-2000 1973-2000 0 2375 4750 7125 9500 Area (hectare) Annual net land gain in the Meghna Estuary: 18.82 km 2 Formation of new Islands (Accreted land) in the Bay of Bengal Mangrove afforestation to stabilise the new land 4 4 [Source:The Meghna Estuary Study (MES), Ministry of Water Resource, 2001]

Background: Settlement and afforestation in the accreted lands Accreted lands or Afforested Mangrove forest Char-lands Extraction of Resources Resettled river erosion victim Resettlement started in 1985 Mangrove afforestation started in under Rehabilitation Program of 1965-66 by Bangladesh forest the Government (Matin, 1986) department (BFD, 2011) Prioritized in the National Land Use Prioritized in the National Forest Policy, Policy, 2001 (GOB, 2001) 1994 Mangrove Plantation 196,000 hectare Resettled Victims 28,000 (2001-2013) 5

Background: Problem Statement Mangrove Cover Change in Bangladesh Why and How 500 3.34% it declined? 488 Mangrove (1000 hetare) 486.79 475 3.12% 463 Research Questions? 3.03% 452.44 450 1. Does resettlement program 441.45 affect mangrove afforestation? 438 425 2. Do the priority components 413 of the national land use policy 1976 2000 2010 (NLUP) and the forest policy Year (NFP) affect each other? [Modified from Hasan et al. 2013] 6

Background: Hypothesis and Objectives Objectives of the Study: • To examine the impacts of the government’s resettlement program of river erosion victims on mangrove afforestation in accreted lands around Hatiya Island. • To Review policy framework for accreted land management and mangrove afforestation in Bangladesh. 7

Location of the study area Geographical Location: 22 0 08 ‘ 01.93"N to 910 0 4 ’ 43.19“E Hatiya Island is located in the Northern tip of the Bay of Bengal and a part of the central coast of Bangladesh under Noakhali District. Area: 1507 km 2 Population: 452,463; Density: 300 per km 2 (BBS, 2011) Accreted Land area: 380,000 acres (Hatiya + adjacent islands) Area of Mangrove afforested Land: 196,788 acres 8

Methodology Structured questionnaire Survey (n=128 HHs) Hatiya Village 1: Zorekhali Main 19 households Interview Secondary Island 110 HH members Of district Data from Village 2: Borodail Estd. 1998 land & government 35 Households forest officials agencies and 221 HH members previous Estd. 1998 studies Village 3: Planted mangrove forests Batayan (Soneratia apetala) 44 households Nijhum Local name: Kerfa/keora Data input and analysis 264 HH Island members Estd. 1988 Result and discussion Village 4: Ananda 30 households 171 HH members Estd. 1988 9

Result of the questionnaire analysis 10

Result: Sex ration and household size of the respondents HH Size Respondents’ gender Borodail 6.31 feature (N=128) Zorekhali 5.79 6 Batayan 5.7 Ananda 5.95 Average in… 5.2 District average Fem Male 4.4 National Average ale 49% 51% 0 1.75 3.5 5.25 7 Average Household size (individuals) (N=128) Indicates large family size < large consumption of resources > [Source of the district and national average: BBS, 2011] 11

Result: Literacy status among the respondents Gender based literacy status among Literacy status of the the respondents (N=128) respondents (N=128) 45 16 Number of respondents 36 13 Can Sign 17 27 3 only 22 23% 5 18 4 Neithe 12 4 r sign 3 9 6 nor 9 read 5 5 77% 3 0 1 Borodail Zorekhali Batayan Ananda Villages Male Litrates Male Ilitrates literate: 29 Female Literates Female Illiterates Illiterate: 98 Indicates h igh rate of illiteracy <lack of awareness on sustainable resource use>. 12

Result: Income range and sources 35 Number of respondents 27 28 20 20 21 17 16 14 10 10 9 7 Sources of Income: 0 Fishing Borodail Zorekhali Batayan Ananda Agriculture (74 HHs) [<641 USD] 0-50,000 BDT Daily Labor 50,000-100,000 BDT (54 HHs) Firewood Collection Annual Average Income of respondent households (N=128) Small Business Per Capita Income: 829 USD (World Bank, 2013b) 13 1JPY= 0.7446 BDT ( Exchange rate of 31 Aug 2014) (http://www.exchangerates.org.uk/JPY-BDT-exchange-rate-history.html)

Result: Respondents’ previous settlement Respondents’ first habitat was in the Northern part of the Island and adjacent Islands Migration trend was Southward where accreted and afforested lands exist [Developed by imposing the survey data on the map of the www.bangladepedia.org ] 14

Result: Consumption of Mangrove for construction ROOF CEILING Only W ood Straw 2 8 .1 3 Corru 32% Wood % gated and Sheet Log 68% 71.88 % Corrugated Sheet 5% WALL DOOR Straw & Log 32% Wood Wood & Log Only 45% 59% 55% Bamboo 5% 15

Result: Sources of Wood and Log Wood source for house Log source for house construction (N=128) construction MRT: Mangrove & Roadside Tree MRT together; 19.53 Cut off logs MRT % 35.16 RT: Roadside Trees Mangr Mang % ove only rove 53.13 RT Stock of Mangrove logs at 57.81 % 27.34 RT house yard % % 7.03 % Indicate indiscriminate use of mangrove trees for construction and repair 16

Result: Consumption of Mangrove as biomass fuel (firewood, twigs, leaves) 04 Times Cooking 8% Borodail 73.71 Villages studied Zorekhali 75.79 Batayan 82.72 03 Times Cooking 92% Ananda 76.66 0. 22.5 45. 67.5 90. Cooking frequency and firewood Weekly biomass fuel consumtion/household requirement (N = 128) ( Kg) Average household Weekly average consumption by a household: 77.22 kg or 11 kg/day size: 5.9 Indicate large consumption of mangroves as biomass fuel 17

Result: Preferred part of a tree for firewood Branch & Leaves Whole Tree Users 68% Users 18% Only Branch Users 14% N: 128 Indicates that branch and leaves of mangrove trees are mostly used for fuel. Use of whole tree shows tendency of cutting whole tree. 18

Result: Mangrove consumption for cattle rearing Cattle Sheds Composition of a Cattle sheds in the study area Average Cattle Number per family: 7.5 Indicates around 58% cattle sheds are composed of woods and logs being collected from the planted mangroves (n: 128). 19

Result: Perception of the respondents on mangrove decline and reasons Perception on the reasons for mangrove decline 57 Perception on Mangrove 34 decline 30 50 5 Number of respondents 10 37.5 1 9 34 0 15 30 45 60 7 25 % of Respondents (n:98) 26 23 4 12.5 15 Indicates that encroachment of forestland by clearing mangroves for agriculture 0 is the principal reason for mangrove decline Borodail Zorekhali Batayan Ananda in accreted lands. Villages Yes (98 HHs) No (30 HHs) 20

Result: Perception on forest encroachment and official action Perception on Forest Official’s action over Encroachment by clearing forest seen by encroachment the respondents 28 7 5 23 15 4 6 9 38 6 6 32 20 10 0 20 0 9 18 27 36 45 0 9 18 27 36 45 Number of Respondents (N=128) Number respondents (N=101) Yes (101) No (27) Yes (17) No (84) Indicates lack of monitoring of the forest officials 21

Resettlement trend in accreted lands Applied Resettled Increasing 2000-2001 trend of both 2002-2003 applied and 2003-2004 resettled 2004-2005 erosion 2005-2006 victims Year 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 Indication of 2011-2012 increasing 2012-2013 migration 0 4500 9000 13500 18000 22500 trend towards accreted land Number erosion victims [Developed on the basis of the data obtained from the Hatiya Sub-district Land Office, Noakhali district, Date: 02 September, 2014] Note: Applied Victims: The erosion victims who have applied to the govt. for resettlement Resettle victims: The erosion victims who have already been resettled with land entitlement by the govt. 22

Resettlement in the “Reserved Forest” Martial law administration (1982-1990) Declared as Reserved Forest in 1977 and handed over to forest department for 20 The government years for mangrove plantation started resettlement of the migrant erosion victims in Hatiya Island in 1985 (Matin, 1986). Nijhum Island Breach of the was declared as section 29 and National Park & 30 of the Forest protected area Act of 1927 in 2001 (amended in 2000) 23