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"Plan? Who needs a plan?" Introduction to UML based on: Introduction to the Unified Modeling Language , Chapter 2 Terry Quatrani, UML Evangelist, IBM Instructor: Peter Baumann email: p.baumann@jacobs-university.de tel: -3178

  1. "Plan? Who needs a plan?" Introduction to UML based on: Introduction to the Unified Modeling Language , Chapter 2 Terry Quatrani, UML Evangelist, IBM Instructor: Peter Baumann email: p.baumann@jacobs-university.de tel: -3178 Excellent work! But maybe we office: room 88, Research 1 should get a little more detailed here...? 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann)

  2. What is UML?  What is UML? • "The UML (Unified Modeling Language) is the [OMG] standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting all the artifacts of a software system.” • Synthesis of notations by Grady Booch, Jim Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson, and many others • Rational, Objectory, et al, ...now IBM  diagram perspectives • Conceptual, specification, implementation 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 2

  3. Diagram Types Overview  Main diagram types, according to „80/20 rule“: • Use Case Diagram (functional) • Activity / Action Diagram (behavioral) • Class Diagram (structural) • State Diagram (behavioral) • Sequence Diagram (behavioral)  Further, not addressed here: • Object Diagram (structural), Collaboration Diagram (structural), Package Diagram (structural), Deployment Diagram (structural) • Interaction Diagram ::= Collaboration Diagram | Sequence Diagram 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 3

  4. Use Case Diagrams  use case = chunk of functionality, not a software module • Should contain a verb in its name  actor = someone or some thing interacting with system under development • Aka role in scenario  Visualize relationships between actors and use cases  capture high-level alternate scenarios, get customer agreement (early !) 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 4

  5. Activity Diagrams  Represents the overall flow of control  Graphical workflow of activities and actions • like flow chart, but user-perceived actions(business model) Swimlanes Synchronisation bar (fork/join) Transition guard 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 5

  6. Class Diagrams  Class = collection of objects with common structure, common behavior, common relationships, and common semantics  Displayed as box with up to 3 compartments: • Name • List of attributes (aka state variables) • List of operations  Class modeling elements include: • Classes with structure + behavior • Relationships • Multiplicity and navigation indicators • Role names 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 6

  7. Class Diagrams: (Instance) Relships  Models that two objects can “ talk ”  Association – bi-directional connection between classes • “I can send you a message because if I‟m associated with you, I know you‟re there .”  Aggregation – stronger form: „ has a“ how • R. between a whole and its parts described?  Dependency – weaker form • “ need your services, but I don‟t know that you exist .”  Quatrani : „ typically first make everything an association, lateron refine “ 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 7

  8. Class Diagrams: Multiplicities, Navig.  Multiplicity numbers & intervals denote number of instances that can/must participate in relationship instance • For both ends of relationship edge • 0..1 (may have one) • 1 (must have one) • 0..* or * (may have many) • 1..* (has at least one)  Arrow head to denote: traversable only this direction 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 8

  9. Class Diagrams: Inheritance  Inheritance = relation between sub class and super class  Subclass instances have • all properties specified in superclass • plus the specific ones defined with the subclass  Also called „is - a“ 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 9

  10. Sequence Diagrams  Displays object interactions arranged in a time sequence  Can be from user„s perspective! • good for: showing what‟s going on and driving out requirements when interacting with customers  How many SDs? Rule of thumb: • for every basic flow of every use case • for high-level, risky scenarios  Useful for designer and customer to answer the question: „ what objects and interactions will I need to accomplish the functionality specified by the flow of events? “ 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 10

  11. Activity vs Sequence Diagrams? Activity diagram: Sequence diagram: Granularity: user-perceived actions Granularity: actors + system components   Emphasis on internal state transitions Emphasis on component interaction   320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 11

  12. State Transition Diagrams  show life history of a given class  use for classes that typically have a lot of dynamic behavior • Sequence Diagram: class that‟s on a lot of sequence diagrams, getting and sending a lot of messages is candidate guard 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 12

  13. Re-Iterating...  UML knows several diagram types to capture different aspects of a software system • Structural, functional, behavioral  Mutual interrelations • use them to do consistency & plausibility cross checking!  Fine so far? Let‘s go on... 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 13

  14. Outlook: UML 2.0  Substantially revised, in particular for Model-Driven Architecture • Infrastructure: core of architecture, profiles, stereotypes • Superstructure : static & dynamic model elements • Object Constraint Language (OCL): formalize assertions, rules • Diagram Interchange: UML exchange format  Vision: UML spec  platform-indepd. model  target model  implementation PIM PSM • verify & validate specs already in design phase  Main goals: speed up process, higher quality, reusability, long-term usability 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 14

  15. Outlook: UML 2.0 (contd.)  The „ideal UML/MDA machine“: 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 15

  16. Outlook: DSLs  Alternative to UML for describing systems : domain-specific modelling languages (DSLs) • UML considered (too) complex (general-purpose), software biased  Ex. SysML = general purpose modelling language for systems engineering applications [www.sysml.org] • SysML emphasizes hardware, information, processes, personnel, facilities • UML dialect, issued by OMG • Used, eg, in aerospace, defense, automotive  Rule of thumb: • UML better for enterprise apps (millions of possible directions) • DSLs better for embedded systems (clearly delimited app domain & paths) 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 16

  17. Wrap-Up  UML industry standard for visually describing all aspects during software life cycle • Use Case Diagram, Activity Diagram , Sequence Diagram, Class Diagram, State Diagram, ...  More work in the beginning (= before coding starts), but will pay off in • Better design (less flaws & more consistency) • Fewer costly surprises late at integration / customer testing time • Better plannable • Higher customer satisfaction, better career 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 17

  18. Caveat: Symbology Interpretation „revision cloud“ common in mechanical engineering  [autodesk.blogs.com] 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 18

  19. Caveat: Symbology Interpretation „revision cloud“ common in mechanical engineering  [autodesk.blogs.com] 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 19

  20. Further Reading  We had but a primer – UML spec has ~700 pages...  See my course web page for a list of tutorials etc. • Introduction to the Unified Modeling Language, by Terry Quatrani • article from where this presentation was made  Books: • Visual Modeling with Rational Rose 2002 and UML, by Terry Quatrani • UML Distilled, by Martin Fowler • UML Explained, by Kendall Scott  www.uml.org 320312 Software Engineering (P. Baumann) 20

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