Introduction to Medical Terminology PFN: SOMAPL0I Hours: 0.5 - PDF document

Introduction to Medical Terminology PFN: SOMAPL0I Hours: 0.5 JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 1 Terminal Learning Objective  Action: Communicate knowledge of “Introduction to Medical Terminology”  Condition: Given a lecture in a classroom environment  Standard: Received a minimum score of 75% on the written exam IAW course standards JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 2 References  Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology (6th edition; 2013; Martini; Bartholomew)  Basic Medical Terminology (AMEDD pre‐ course manual) JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 3 1

Reasons Anyone with a frontal lobe can memorize; you have been selected to be here because of your ability to understand. Studying medicine, is like learning a new language; you have to start out with the meaning of words, before you can truly understand how to put it all together. Learn the terminology, and everything you study will become much easier! JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 4 Agenda  Communicate the three word parts used in medical terms  Collate the prefixes, word roots, and suffixes of common medical terminology in order to match it with its correct definition JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 5 The Three Word Parts Used in Medical Terminology JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 6 2

Medical Terminology  Two approaches  Memorization • Walking medical dictionary  Learning word parts & how they fit together • Preferred approach JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 7 Medical Terminology  Three parts to a word  All medical terms have a root word  Medical terms may have some or all of the following: • Prefixes • Suffixes JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 8 Word Root  Stem  The core of the word  Indicates the organ or part which is modified by a prefix or suffix, or both  Usually derived from: • Latin ( e.g. , femur) • Greek ( e.g. , hemorrhage)  Remember: Each medical term contains one or more word roots JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 9 3

Word Root  Common stems  acr/o ( extremities )  cari/o ( heart )  cyan/o ( blue )  cyt/o ( cell )  dermat/o, derm/o ( skin )  duoden/o ( duodenum )  electro/o ( electrical ) JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 10 Word Root  Common stems (cont’d)  eti/o ( cause )  gastr/o ( stomach )  gram/o ( record )  leuk/o ( white )  megal/o ( enlarged )  path/o ( disease ) JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 11 Prefix  Prefixes  Attached to the beginning of a word root  Modifies the meaning • Example: erythrocyte, (definition?)  erythro ‐ is the prefix – Erythro = red – Cyte = cell – Together = red blood cell  NOTE: Not all medical terms have a prefix JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 12 4

Prefix  Can be divided into categories  Location  Time  Amount or quantity  Color  Negation  Size  Position  Miscellaneous JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 13 Prefix  Location  Examples • intra‐ (inside/within)  intra‐abdominal • peri‐ (around/surrounding)  pericardium • retro‐ ; post‐ (behind)  retrocardial; postnasal • hypo‐ ; sub‐ (under)  hypodermis; subcutaneous • inter‐ (between)  intercostal JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 14 Prefix  Time  Examples • ante‐ ; pre‐ (before)  antepartum; preoperative • post‐ (after)  postoperative JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 15 5

Prefix  Amount or quantity  Examples • uni‐ ; mono‐ (single)  unilateral; monocyte • bi‐ (two)  bilateral • tri‐ (three)  tricuspid • quadri‐ (four)  quadriplegia • multi‐ ; poly‐ (many, much)  multipara ; polyuria • hemi‐ ; semi‐ (half)  hemiplegia; semiconscious • hypo‐ (low)  hypotension • hyper‐ (high)  hypertension JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 16 Prefix  Color  Examples • erythro‐ (red)  erythrocyte • leuko‐ (white)  leukocyte • cyano‐ (blue)  cyanosis • melano‐ (dark/black)  melanoma JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 17 Prefix  Negation  Examples • a‐ or an‐ (without/absence of)  afebrile; anesthesia • anti‐ (against)  antivenom JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 18 6

Prefix  Size  Examples • micro‐ (small)  microphage • mega‐ ; macro‐ (large)  megacolon; macrophage JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 19 Prefix  Position  Examples • antero‐ (front)  anterior • latero‐ (side)  lateral • dextro‐ (right)  dextrocardia • levo‐ (left)  levoversion • medio‐ (middle)  medial JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 20 Prefix  Miscellaneous  Examples • hydro‐ (water)  hydrophobia • dys‐ (painful, difficult)  dyspnea • nox‐ ; noct‐ (night)  nocturia • mal‐ (bad)  malodorous • pan‐ (total)  panhysterectomy JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 21 7

Suffix  Suffixes  Attach to the end of the word root  Add additional meaning, such as a: • condition • disease • procedure  Example: my/ algia ( pertaining to pain )  NOTE: Not all medical terms have a suffix JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 22 Suffix  Pertaining to diagnosis  Examples • ‐ cele (hernia)  gastrocele • ‐ emia (blood)  hypoglycemia • ‐ ectasis ; ‐ ectasia (expanding/dilation)  angiectasis • ‐ iasis (condition)  nephrolithiasis • ‐ itis ( inflammation)  encephalitis • ‐ malacia (softening)  chondromalacia • ‐ megaly (enlargement)  clitoromegaly JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 23 Suffix  Pertaining to diagnosis (cont’d)  Examples • ‐ sclerosis (hardening)  arteriosclerosis • ‐ oma (tumor)  lipoma • ‐ osis (condition/disease)  dermatophytosis • ‐ pathy (disease)  neuropathy • ‐ ptosis (downward displacement)  blepharoptosis • ‐ rrhexis (rupture)  cardiorrhexis • ‐ trophy (growth or nourishment)  hypertrophy • ‐ phobia (fear)  hydrophobia JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 24 8

Suffix  Pertaining to operative procedures  Examples • ‐ ectomy (removal/excision)  oopherectomy • ‐ scopy (inspection/examination)  bronchoscopy • ‐ stomy (artificial opening)  colostomy • ‐ tomy (incision)  laparotomy • ‐ desis (binding/fixation)  • ‐pexy ( suspension/fixation)  orchiopexy • ‐plasty (plastic repair)  rhinoplasty • ‐centesis (puncture)  arthrocentesis • ‐rhaphy (suture repair)  neurorraphy JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 25 Suffix  Pertaining to symptoms  Examples • ‐ algia (pain)  dentalgia • ‐ genic (producing)  pyogenic • ‐ lysis (destruction/breakdown)  hemolysis • ‐ rrhagia (excessive flow)  hemorrhage • ‐ rrhea (excessive discharge)  diarrhea • ‐ penia (deficiency/decrease)  leukopenia • ‐ spasm (involuntary contraction)  myospasm • ‐ ic , ‐ ac , ‐ al , and – ar (pertaining to)  otoscopic JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 26 Collating Prefixes, Word Roots, and Suffixes of Common Medical Terminology in Order to Find the Correct Definition JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 27 9

Finding the Definition  To define a medical word  Divide the word into its terms  Analyze the terms  Define the word  Example: pericarditis • peri‐ = around • cardi = heart • ‐itis = inflammation • Definition  inflammation around the heart JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 28 Finding the Definition  Define the following word  intercostal • inter‐ = between • costal = rib • Definition  the space between the ribs JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 29 Finding the Definition  Define the following word  laryngoscopy • laryngo = larynx or voice box • ‐ scopy = visual examination • Definition  visual examination of the interior of the larynx JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 30 10

Finding the Definition  Define the following word  microphage • micro‐ = one millionth (10 ‐6 ); small • phag/o, phagia = eating, ingestion • Definition  small eater JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 31 Finding the Definition  Define the following word  cholecystectomy • chole = gall; or bile • cyst/o = cyst; or bladder • ‐ectomy = surgical removal • Definition  the surgical removal of the gall bladder JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 32 Finding the Definition  Acronyms and abbreviations  Frequently used  Boosts efficiency if used intelligently • i.e. , make sure it is not ambiguous • Write it out the first time you use it  Can become modern language: • e.g. , laser  L ight a mplification by s timulated e mission of r adiation JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 33 11

Finding the Definition  Eponyms  Name of a person or thing (real or fictitious) • Example: Oedipus complex  Usually named from first person to diagnose, publish, or put together syndrome or sign • Example: Cushing’s triad JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 34 Finding the Definition  Terms derived from places  Lyme disease  Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 35 Finding the Definition  Terms derived from animals Harelip JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 36 12

Finding the Definition  Terms derived from mythological gods  Venereal • Venus (goddess of love)  Morphine • Morpheus (god of dreams) JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 37 How will medical terminology be tested?  You will be tested on the medical terms that are defined in the beginning of some lectures  DO NOT blow these off! JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 38 Questions? JSOMTC, SWMG(A) Slide 39 13