INF5470 Fall 2012 Juan Antonio Leero-Bardallo Lecture 2: - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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INF5470 Fall 2012 Juan Antonio Leero-Bardallo Lecture 2: - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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INF5470 Fall 2012 Juan Antonio Leero-Bardallo Lecture 2: Neurophysiology in a Nutshell Content Overview Methods Known Properties Weekly Task Lecture 2: Neurophysiology in a Nutshell 2 Content Overview Methods Known Properties

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INF5470 — Fall 2012

Juan Antonio Leñero-Bardallo Lecture 2: Neurophysiology in a Nutshell

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Content

Overview Methods Known Properties Weekly Task

Lecture 2: Neurophysiology in a Nutshell 2

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Content

Overview Methods Known Properties Weekly Task

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Overview

method test subjects

  • bservation area
  • temp. res.
  • spat. res.

Psycho-physics alert humans EEG alert humans patches of brain surface ms cm2 fMRI and PET alert humans brain cross-sections 40ms 5mm3 Extra Cellular Electrode alert test animals neighbourhood of neurons µs 0.13mm3 Intra Cellular Electr. anesthetized test animals, slice preparations

  • ne neuron

µs 103µm3 Fluorescent Tracers anesthetized test animals, slice preparations a dendritic tree ? < µm

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Content

Overview Methods Known Properties Weekly Task

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Psychophysics (1/3)

Measuring human performance in special tasks in order to make conclusions on physiology. Examples:

◮ reaction times in deciding whether there is food in a

picture.

◮ optical illusions ◮ attention tasks:

http://viscog.beckman.uiuc.edu/flashmovie/15.php

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Psychophysics (2/3) (Do you spot an animal?)

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Psychophysics (3/3)

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EEG (1/2)

Electro-encephalogram: Surface electrodes on skin, measuring correlated activity of a population of neurons.

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EEG (2/2)

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fMRI and PET (1/2)

fMRI (functional magnet resonance imaging)and PET (positron emission tomography) measure indicators of neuron activity like increased bloodflow and oxygene

  • consumption. PET works with radioactive tracers. FMRI

measures blood or suggar levels.

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fMRI and PET (2/2)

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Extra Cellular Electrodes/Field Potentials

Electrodes in the brain tissue that record field potentials caused by the surrounding neurons. Reconstruction methods are sometimes able to isolate activity of individual neurons.

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Intra Cellular Electrodes

Sharp electrodes and patch clamp electrodes observe activity inside a neuron. Patch clamp amplifier electrodes.

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Imaging with Fluorecent Tracers

For example two photon microscopy to observe dynamics

  • f chemicals, e.g. calcium

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Left out here: Methods in Neuroanatomy

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Content

Overview Methods Known Properties Weekly Task

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Brain Parts

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Cortical Regions (1/3)

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Cortical Regions (2/3)

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Cortical Regions (3/3)

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Orgaization within cortical regions (1/3)

Ocular dominance patterns

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Orgaization within cortical regions (2/3)

Ocular dominance patterns

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Orgaization within cortical regions (3/3)

Orientation selection patterns

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Cortical Layers and Microcolumns(1/3)

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Cortical Layers and Microcolumns(2/3)

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Cortical Layers and Microcolumns(3/3)

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Neurons and Synapses

More about those in dedicated lectures

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Weekly Task

  • 1. Occular dominance patterns form a kind of a Zebra

pattern on V1 with two exceptions: a region close to the center and a region at the outskirts is uniformly dominated by input from just one eye. Do you have an explanation?

  • 2. According to the hierarchy of cortical regions in cat

cortex assembled by van Essen etal. it catches the eye that quantitatively there are more recurrent connections than feed forward connections in the

  • cortex. Can you speculate on the significane of this

fact? Why could that be?

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