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The role of identity and mobility in reconciling individual and community change: In Insig ights fr from a combined panel and trend study Karen V. Beaman New Ways of Analyzing Variation (NWAV48) October 10-14, 2019 Beaman – Identity and Mobility in Individual and Community Change – – Oct 2019 Page 1

Research Aims • To explore the relationship between: ― generational change across the community → real-time Trend Study ― individual change across the lifespan → real-time Panel Study • To understand how individuals over their lifespans may “speed up” or “slow down” a community change in process • To assess various social factors and their influence on the direction and speed of linguistic change ― traditional social categories: speaker age, sex, education, social class ― local orientation/identity, interlocutor accommodation, and mobility • To investigate lifespan change at different levels of linguistic structure ― phonological, morphosyntactic, syntactic lexical, and discourse Beaman – Identity and Mobility in Individual and Community Change – – Oct 2019 Page 2

Swabian Swabian or Schwäbisch is a High German dialect, belonging to the Alemannic family, spoken by just over 800,000 people. Two communities: • Stuttgart area • Schwäbisch Gmünd Beaman – Identity and Mobility in Individual and Community Change – – Oct 2019 Page 3

Two Speech Communities Stuttgart Schwäbisch Gmünd Beaman – Identity and Mobility in Individual and Community Change – – Oct 2019 Page 4

Swabian: Loved or Loathed also gewisserweise isch mã da scho e bissle Stolz darauf ã … des [ist] aber eich zu neunundneunzig Komma fünf Prozent alles witzig und positiv [ge]meint, und niemand meint des in Konotation wie Baure oder sowas, also des isch scho ganz cool und, von dem her i glaub die Schwabe sind au relativ gut angesehen in Deutschland und so, des isch ja e fleißiges Volk ja. ‘in a certain way, one is a little proud [to be Swabian]… it’s 99,5% funny and positive, and no one makes a connection to farmers or whatever, it’s pretty cool, and because of that, I think Schwabs are viewed relatively well in Germany, they’re hard - working people.’ (Fabian 2017) meine Kinder schämen sich sogar heutzutage Schwäbisch, also die verbinden Schwäbisch mit irgendwas, was sie nicht möchten.… dieser dörfliche Zusammenhalt stoßen die eher ab. ‘nowadays my children are actually ashamed of Swabian, well they associate Swabian with something they don’t like…. they are more likely to reject this village solidarity.’ (Helmut 2017) Beaman – Identity and Mobility in Individual and Community Change – – Oct 2019 Page 5

Swabian Corpora 2017 107 speakers 1982 40 speakers 49 speakers 58 speakers 24 speakers 16 speakers Stuttgart Gmünd Stuttgart Gmünd Twin Study Panel Study 40 speakers 20*2 speakers Beaman – Identity and Mobility in Individual and Community Change – – Oct 2019 Page 6

Swabian Corpora Panel Study PANEL STUDY STUTTGART GMÜND Total Age Sex HiEdu LoEdu HiEdu LoEdu 1982 GEN2 M 1 0 0 0 1 Social Twin Study W 3 0 1 0 2 (31-60 years) TWIN STUDY STUTTGART GMÜND 1982 GEN3 M 10 4 0 6 0 Total W 6 Age Sex HiEdu LoEdu HiEdu LoEdu (18-30 years) 1 1 3 1 2017 GEN4 M 1 2017 GEN4 M 3 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 W 3 W 5 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 3 (61-90 years) (61-90 years) 2017 GEN5 M 10 2017 GEN5 M 10 4 0 6 0 1 2 3 4 W 6 W 6 (31-60 years) 1 1 3 1 (31-60 years) 1 2 2 1 Subtotal 10 4 18 8 40 2017 GEN6 M 9 4 0 3 2 TOTAL 40 W 7 14 26 1 1 3 2 (18-30 years) Subtotal 7 7 13 13 40 TOTAL 40 14 26 Beaman – Identity and Mobility in Individual and Community Change – – Oct 2019 Page 7

Data and Methods • Sociolinguistic Interviews ― Labovian-style, casual interview questions of approximately one hour ― Same interview instrument and techniques used in 1982 and 2017 ― Similar interview situations, albeit different interviewers ―Differences in “Interviewer Closeness” across the samples • Social Predictors ― Composite Class Index (CCI) ― Sample Type (Panel/Twin) ― Speaker Education (with/without Abitur) ― Recording Year (1982/2017) ― Swabian Orientation Index (SOI) ― Community (Gmünd/Stuttgart) ― Swabian Interlocutor Index (SII) ― Speaker Age (<30, 30-60, >60) ― Swabian Mobility Index (SMI) ― Speaker Sex (Male/Female) ― Principal Investigator Presence Beaman – Identity and Mobility in Individual and Community Change – – Oct 2019 Page 8

Linguistic Variables – Phonological (13) Code Name Swabian ~ Standard Examples (Swabian Orthography) Type DDM PHONOLOGICAL VARIABLES: AIS1 MHG /i:/ Diphthong Shift [əɪ] ~ [aɪ] da dued mã in den Zylinder obe der Dêig nei SWG Y AIS2 MHG /ei/ Diphthong Shift [ɔɪ] ~ [aɪ] mã braucht da kôi Flôisch dazu SWG Y ANN Nasalisation /an/ [ã] ~ [an] mã kã es mit em normale [Mehl] mache SWG Y FRV1 Unrounded Front Vowel /ö/ [ɛ] ~ [ø] so guet wie meeglich probier es SWG Y FRV2 Unrounded Diphthong /eu/ [aɪ] ~ [ɔɪ] bin gern auf Baim gestiege SWG Y FRV3 Unrounded Diphthong /ü/ (MHG /ü/ [iə] ~ [y] dann ist d Kieche explodiert SWG Y FRV4 Diphthongisation /u/ (MHG /uo/ [uə] ~ [u] nâ muess er sueche SWG Y LEO Long /e:/ Opening [ɛː] ~ [eː] dâ e baar Jâhr lääbe REG Y SFV Stop-Fricative Variation [ɪk] ~ [ɪç] scho richtich, wo andersch verkaufe au REG Y STP Palatalisation coda /st/ [∫t] ~ [st] da darfsch ja bloß hundertdreißig fahre in Italien ALM Y ULO1 Lowering /un/ prefix [o] ~ [u] sin oofreundlich, i ken kôi fraindliche Stuegarder SWG Y ULO2 Lowering /un/ other [o] ~ [u] bei ors SWG Y ULO3 Lowering /u/ [o] ~ [u] dorchenandr SWG Y LEGEND: Type of Variable: SWG=Swabian; ALM=Alemannic; REG=Regional; COL=Colloquial Beaman – Identity and Mobility in Individual and Community Change – – Oct 2019 Page 9

Linguistic Variables – Morphosyntactic (15) Code Name Swabian ~ Standard Examples (Swabian Orthography) Type DDM MORPHOSYNTACTIC VARIABLES: DAS Definite Neuter Article [dɛs] ~ [das] kennsch des? ALM Y EDP Plural Verb Inflection [əd] ~ [ən] die finded es wichtich. SWG Y IPP Irregular Past Participle kennt ~ gekannt hasch den net kennt? SWG Y IRV1 Irregular Verb 'gehen' [gangə] ~ [ge:ən] willsch du an Telefon gange? SWG Y IRV2 Irregular Verb 'stehen' [∫tandə] ~ [∫te:ən] lässt mã no e halb Stunde stande SWG Y IRV3 Irregular Verb 'haben' [hɛn] ~ [ha:bən] mr hen e aldes Haus khet SWG Y IRV4 Irregular Verb 'wollen' [vɛlə] ~ [vo:lən] was hâsch du welle sage? SWG Y IRV5 Irregular Verb 'tun' [doə] ~ [tuːn] mã muess des net obedingt doe SWG Y NEG Negative Marker 'nedde'/'et' ~ 'nicht'/'nich' glaub mã net ge? REG Y PVB Periphrastic Subjunctive 'dääd' ~ 'würde' es dääd beeinflusse SWG Y SAF1 Swabian Affix '-le' '-le' ~ '-chen'/'-lein' dass er en Mädle mâg un se ihn mâg ALM Y SAF2 Swabian Affix 'ver-' 'ver-' ~ 'er-'/'zer-' nâ verzählet se was se so im Gschäft erlebet SWG Y SAF3 Swabian Affix 'na-' nââ-' ~ 'hin-' ich glaub net, dass mã des so schnell nââkriegt SWG Y SAF4 Swabian Affix 'sau-' sau-' ~ 'sehr' s war saukalt SWG Y SAF5 Swabian Affix 'ge-' [θ] ~ [gə] un hen hier e Haus [ge]baut REG Y LEGEND: Type of Variable: SWG=Swabian; ALM=Alemannic; REG=Regional; COL=Colloquial Beaman – Identity and Mobility in Individual and Community Change – – Oct 2019 Page 10

Linguistic Variables – Phonological (13) Code Name Swabian ~ Standard Examples (Swabian Orthography) Type DDM PHONOLOGICAL VARIABLES: AIS1 MHG /i:/ Diphthong Shift [əɪ] ~ [aɪ] da dued mã in den Zylinder obe der Dêig nei SWG Y AIS2 MHG /ei/ Diphthong Shift [ɔɪ] ~ [aɪ] mã braucht da kôi Flôisch dazu SWG Y ANN Nasalisation /an/ [ã] ~ [an] mã kã es mit em normale [Mehl] mache SWG Y FRV1 Unrounded Front Vowel /ö/ [ɛ] ~ [ø] so guet wie meeglich probier es SWG Y FRV2 Unrounded Diphthong /eu/ [aɪ] ~ [ɔɪ] bin gern auf Baim gestiege SWG Y FRV3 Unrounded Diphthong /ü/ (MHG /ü/ [iə] ~ [y] dann ist d Kieche explodiert SWG Y FRV4 Diphthongisation /u/ (MHG /uo/ [uə] ~ [u] nâ muess er sueche SWG Y LEO Long /e:/ Opening [ɛː] ~ [eː] dâ e baar Jâhr lääbe REG Y SFV Stop-Fricative Variation [ɪk] ~ [ɪç] scho richtich, wo andersch verkaufe au REG Y STP Palatalisation coda /st/ [∫t] ~ [st] da darfsch ja bloß hundertdreißig fahre in Italien ALM Y ULO1 Lowering /un/ prefix [o] ~ [u] sin oofreundlich, i ken kôi fraindliche Stuegarder SWG Y ULO2 Lowering /un/ other [o] ~ [u] bei ors SWG Y ULO3 Lowering /u/ [o] ~ [u] dorchenandr SWG Y LEGEND: Type of Variable: SWG=Swabian; ALM=Alemannic; REG=Regional; COL=Colloquial Beaman – Identity and Mobility in Individual and Community Change – – Oct 2019 Page 11

Dialect Density across Communities Stuttgart Schwäbisch Gmünd Panel Study 1982 Panel Study 2017 Twin Study 2017 nT = 68,513 nT = 40,964 nS = 40 nS = 20 nT = 27,806 nS = 20 Two distinct speech communities; Communities beginning to merge; High degree of levelling; two Schwäbisch Gmünd homogenous Schwäbisch Gmünd expanding communities almost completely fused Includes 9 Phonological Vars: AIS1 + AIS2 + ANN + FRV1 + FRV2 + FRV3 + FRV4 + LEO + SFVA and 9 Morphosyntactic Vars: DAS + EDP + IRV1 + IRV2 + IRV3 + NEG + PVB + SAF1B + SAF5 Beaman – Identity and Mobility in Individual and Community Change – – Oct 2019 Page 12