Introduction Icelandic Articulatory Phonology AP/OT Conclusion References Towards an Articulatory Understanding of Historical Phonology Z.L. Zhou zzhou1@swarthmore.edu Hunter Undergraduate Linguistics and Language Studies Conference 6 May 6, 2016 Z.L. Zhou Swarthmore College Towards an Articulatory Understanding of Historical Phonology
Introduction Icelandic Articulatory Phonology AP/OT Conclusion References What I want to convince you of It is important to be able to explain sound change This is best and most easily done with theories that make explicit reference to the mouth, such as Articulatory Phonology (AP) AP and OT combined are a powerful tool for describing and explaining sound change Z.L. Zhou Swarthmore College Towards an Articulatory Understanding of Historical Phonology
Introduction 3 Swarthmore College Z.L. Zhou Conclusion 5 AP/OT 4 Articulatory Phonology Icelandic Icelandic 2 Introduction 1 Roadmap References Conclusion AP/OT Articulatory Phonology Towards an Articulatory Understanding of Historical Phonology
Introduction Icelandic Articulatory Phonology AP/OT Conclusion References Historical phonology What is historical phonology? Study of sound change over time Reconstruction of historical forms from current languages Not very concerned with the “how”s of sound change Z.L. Zhou Swarthmore College Towards an Articulatory Understanding of Historical Phonology
Introduction Litule dialectal variation. We’re going to talk about Northern Icelandic Swarthmore College Z.L. Zhou Mostly, people care about preaspiration Less popular in phonology Very popular in syntax: true quirky subjects — less allophony Spoken by about 310,000 people, mostly in Iceland Icelandic Indo-European family West Scandanavian language, North Germanic branch, Icelandic References Conclusion AP/OT Articulatory Phonology Towards an Articulatory Understanding of Historical Phonology
Introduction Icelandic Swarthmore College Z.L. Zhou How do you get a patuern like that? Where did it come from? hvít-t [kʰviht] ‘white-neut.sing.nom’ (2) hvít-ur [kʰvitʰʏr] ‘white-masc.sing.nom’ (1) longer than [ʰ]. “Preaspiration” is a misnomer. Phonetic studies show existence of real [h], Preaspiration References Conclusion AP/OT Articulatory Phonology Towards an Articulatory Understanding of Historical Phonology Synchronically, /pʰpʰ/, /tʰtʰ/, /kʰkʰ/ > [hp], [ht], [hk]
Introduction Old Norse (ON) Swarthmore College Z.L. Zhou Describes pronunciation explicitly Methodology strikingly similar to that of modern linguistics Recommendation on how to standardize Icelandic orthography Writuen some time between 1125 and 1175 by unknown author Other resource: the First Grammatical Treatise (FGT) Changes in spelling provide clues to changes in pronunciation from Icelandic worth of sagas, essays, and poems The cultural literature of Icelandic is huge, we have over 1000 years Historical records References Conclusion AP/OT Articulatory Phonology Towards an Articulatory Understanding of Historical Phonology
Introduction on where we are now. We know of two major chain shifus in the oral stops: Swarthmore College Z.L. Zhou happen? So preaspiration is historically motivated, but how did this change Icelandic Towards an Articulatory Understanding of Historical Phonology Because of the FGT, we know where we started from. We can collect data Sound changes References Conclusion AP/OT Articulatory Phonology Voiced geminates devoiced (*ɡɡ > kk) Voiceless geminates preaspirated (*kk > hk) Voiced singletons devoiced (*ɡ > k) Voiceless singletons aspirated (*k > kʰ)
Introduction Icelandic Articulatory Phonology AP/OT Conclusion References Articulatory Phonology Articulatory Phonology (AP; Browman and Goldstein 1986, 1990, 1992) is a formal theory of representational phonology wherein gestures , movements of the articulators of the mouth, and their relative positions in time, are construed as the most basic units of phonological analysis. These gestures are depicted on diagrams known as gestural scores . Z.L. Zhou Swarthmore College Towards an Articulatory Understanding of Historical Phonology
Introduction V Swarthmore College Z.L. Zhou Variables come in two flavors: locations and degrees Boxes for vocal tract variables X-axis represents time k TD Icelandic VC (3) Example score: variables References Conclusion AP/OT Articulatory Phonology Towards an Articulatory Understanding of Historical Phonology k #
Introduction Vertical dotued lines mark t-units — each t-unit is an important unit of Swarthmore College Z.L. Zhou t-unit to a [k]; the [k] is also two t-units long. In (3), the [V] is two t-units long. Following the [V] is a single transition t-units are part of a segment The extension of dotued line into transcription row indicates which Some may be shorter than others, approach having no length Length of time each t-unit represents is lefu purposefully vague time as considered by current analysis Towards an Articulatory Understanding of Historical Phonology Icelandic k V TD VC (3) Example score: t-units References Conclusion AP/OT Articulatory Phonology k #
Introduction Articulators that create constrictions: y-axis location of articulator Swarthmore College Z.L. Zhou gesture line. Transition shown as a triangle Voicing is depicted as thick section and lack of voicing as regular Articulators with states: shown in visually appropriate manner as midway between those points. t-units. Dots are placed at beginnings and endings of gestures, as well Gesture line is dark when part of segment, light during transition relative to top of mouth Towards an Articulatory Understanding of Historical Phonology Icelandic k V TD VC (3) Example score: degrees References Conclusion AP/OT Articulatory Phonology k #
Introduction although the idea is that there would be just five contrastive degrees. Swarthmore College Z.L. Zhou [mid] and vowels being any of the three, depending on vowel height. and [wide] to approximants and vowels, with all approximants being [closed] refers to stops, [critical] to fricatives, and [mid], [narrow], These distinctions correspond to the general categories of sounds: In actual production, there are theoretically infinite realizable degrees, Icelandic [closed], [critical], [mid], [narrow], and [wide]. Constriction gestures in AP are said to have five constrastive degrees: Mapping from feature bundles References Conclusion AP/OT Articulatory Phonology Towards an Articulatory Understanding of Historical Phonology
Introduction although the idea is that there would be just five contrastive degrees. Swarthmore College Z.L. Zhou [mid] and vowels being any of the three, depending on vowel height. and [wide] to approximants and vowels, with all approximants being [closed] refers to stops, [critical] to fricatives, and [mid], [narrow], These distinctions correspond to the general categories of sounds: In actual production, there are theoretically infinite realizable degrees, Icelandic [closed], [critical], [mid], [narrow], and [wide]. Constriction gestures in AP are said to have five constrastive degrees: Mapping from feature bundles References Conclusion AP/OT Articulatory Phonology Towards an Articulatory Understanding of Historical Phonology
Introduction Icelandic Swarthmore College Z.L. Zhou (e) is the ofgset, from release to either unspecified or to following target. (a) is the onset, from no specified gesture to target On both sides of the plateau are transitions the release (d). The plateau includes three landmarks, the target (b), the center (c), and identify as a particular sound In the middle of the gesture is the perceptual plateau , what listeners Gestures have five gestural landmarks , shown in (4) (Gafos 2002) (a)(b)(c)(d)(e) TD (4) Why t-units? References Conclusion AP/OT Articulatory Phonology Towards an Articulatory Understanding of Historical Phonology t-units formalize parts of gesture into countable objects ( → OT)
Introduction Icelandic Articulatory Phonology AP/OT Conclusion References The data We know explicitly from the FGT which how sounds were pronounced in the past, so we know: Out of consideration for time, I will only go over the analysis for the velar geminates here — the same analysis holds for the other oral geminates, but with just slightly difgerent constraints. Z.L. Zhou Swarthmore College Towards an Articulatory Understanding of Historical Phonology (*ɡɡ,*kk,*ɡ,*k) > (kk,hk,k,kʰ)
Introduction Mark one violation for instance where two inputs map onto the Swarthmore College Z.L. Zhou b. a. *Merge Icelandic same output. (Padgetu, 2003) Towards an Articulatory Understanding of Historical Phonology No word of the output has multiple correspondents in the input. *Merge (5) Articulatory Phonology AP/OT Conclusion To explain the lack of merger, I use *Merge: References Motivations I [ ɡ 1 ] [ ɡ 1 ] ɡɡ 2 > k 3 kk 4 k 3 kk 2 , 4 ɡ 1 ɡɡ 2 k 3 kk 4 + ɡ 1 ɡɡ 2 k 3 kk 4 ∗ ! ɡ 1 k 3 kk 2 , 4
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