Can fi fibr bre-ric rich h pl plants s se serve e the joint nt role e of f reme medi diati ation on of f de degr grade ded d mi mine e land d and d fuellin fu lling g of f a mu multi-pr produ oduct ct value ue ch chain? ? ____________________________________ Towar wards ds Resilien silient Futur tures es Communi munity ty of Pra racti ctice ce Proje oject CoP workshop 2019 2019/05/28 1
Pr Proje ject t tea eam Prof f Sue Harriso ison Shilpa pa Rumje jeet et Xihluke uke Mabasa asa Mike e Solomo mon Bernell nelle Verste ster Project leader Engineer & MPhil candidate Mining engineer & Researcher researcher expert . CoP workshop 2019 2019/05/28 2
Ba Backgr kgrou ound nd to st stud udy • Over er 5900 0 abandoned oned mines s in SA SA • Over er 300 000 mine e job loses s since ce 1987 in SA SA • 27,5% % unemploym ployment ent rate te in SA SA • Loss s of biodiver iversity sity CoP workshop 2019 2019/05/28 3
Crea eating ting a ne new ec w econo nomy my.. .. • Land d remediatio ediation • Benefic ficial ial use of metals als • Gener eratin ating g new econom omic ic outputs ts Phyto-mining and multi-product fibrous economy CoP workshop 2019 5/28/2019 4
Ph Phyto toremedia emediation tion Phyto toex extra traction ction Phyto todegrada degradati tion on Pollutants are Pollutants are degraded or accumulated in mineralised by specific harvestable parts of the enzyme activity plant Phyto tost stabili abilisa sation tion Phyto tovo vola latisa tisation tion Pollutants are Pollutants are released immobilised by the soil into volatile form through plant Metal ions CoP workshop 2019 2019/05/28 5
Devel De elopi ping ng a fi fibr brous us ec econo nomy my thermoplastic fabric Long Fibre Fibre bio- cordage Short Fibre composites By-product By oducts piping shives Woody tissue oils pharmaceuticals Chemicals bio-char Energy 2019/05/28 6
Exa xample mple si sites es for case se st stud udies ies • Degra raded ed mine e land nd • Su Surroun ounding ding areas eas are e densely sely populat lated ed • Water er pollu lutio tion n and scar arcity ity • Pote tenti ntial al arable ble land d in te terms rms of pH, H, rainfall infall and climatic limatic condit ditio ions ns 2019/05/28 7 CoP workshop 2019
Exa xample mple si sites es - Cha haracte racteristi ristics cs Potent ential ial Sites es Metals als Found Soil T exture Soil pH Rain (mm pa) T emp ( ℃ ) Carlet etonvil onville le, , Au – Pb, As, Ni, Shall llow ow - rocky ky 5.6 – 6.4 5.6 6.4 100 – 200 200 7 7 – 33 33 Gauteng eng Cd, Cu, Zn, Hg, Co & U Co Witbank, ank, Coal - Al, Ba, Sandy dy-clay lay 5.5 5.5 – 7.2 100 - 300 300 7 - 31 7 31 Mpumal malanga anga Ca, Cl, Cu, Fe, loams ms K, Mg, Si, S, N Rustenbur enburg Pt Pt – Pd Pd, Rh, Ni, Loamy my topsoil il 5.5 – 6.4 5.5 6.4 100 - 200 200 10 – 30 30 Au, Ir Ir, Cu on rocks ks Amandel delbult bult Pt Pt – Pd Pd, Rh, Ni, Clay-ric ich 6.8 6.8 – 6.9 6.9 100 - 300 300 7 - 32 7 32 Au, Ir Ir, Cu 2019/05/28 8 CoP workshop 2019
Fib ibrous us pl plants nts gr grown wn in in SA Fibre plants ts Bast st Leaf Wood Grass ss Seed Flax • Fruit it Hemp Sisal Pinewood • • Bamboo • Cotton • • Coconut • Jute Palm Baobab • • • Kapok • Kenaf • 9 2019/05/28
Fib ibrous us pl plants nts se sele lection ion Name Pref efer erred ed soil Pref efer erred ed annual al T emp. . toler erance ance pH toleranc ance Annual al/per /perenn ennial ial type rainfal nfall (mm/yr yr) Bambusa sa Clay, loamy my 400 - 4500 9 – 35 9 35 °C 4.5 – 7.5 Perenni ennial al balcoo ooa Baobab bab Clay, sandy < 1500 Cannot ot toler erate ate 7 Perenni ennial al cold climate mate Coconu nut Coarse e sand, d, 1500 0 - 2500 2500 13 – 35 35 °C 5.5 - 7 5.5 Perenni ennial al clay Cotton on Sandy dy loam 500 500 - 1250 21 – 37 °C 5.5 5.5 – 7.5 Annual al Flax Loamy my 450 - 750 10 – 27 °C 5 5 - 7 Annual al Hemp Clay, silt loam 500 -700 500 00 19 – 28 28°C 6 – 6.5 6 6.5 Annual al Jute Silt, sandy y 1000 0 - 2500 2500 24 - 37 °C 4.8 – 5.8 5.8 Annual al loamy my, , clay ay Kapok Loamy my soil 750 - 3000 3000 17 - 38 38 °C 5 5 – 6.5 6.5 Perenni ennial al Kenaf af All soil types es 240 - 490 15 - 27 °C 4.3 – 8.2 8.2 Annual al Pinew ewoo ood Sandy dy soil 850 850 – 950 950 > 13 5 5 - 6 Perenni ennial al Sisal All except ept clay 500 - 1500 500 10 – 32 32 °C 4 4 - 6 Perenni ennial al 2019/05/28 10
Fib ibrous us pl plants nts se sele lection ion Name Dry biomass mass Harvest vest Fibre e yield ld Pref efer erred ed annual al Potent ential ial product ucts (tons/ s/ha ha) time (tons/ s/ha ha) rainfall nfall (mm/yr yr) Bambusa sa 20 20 – 40 5- 6 y years 12 - 18 18 400 - 4500 Paper per products, ucts, furnit niture, e, balcoo ooa bioener nergy gy etc.. .. Flax 3 3 – 5 100 days 1 1 - 2 450 - 750 Hemp 10 - 20 20 120 days 2.2 – 8.1 2.2 500 500 -700 00 Pulp, p, chemical mical product ucts s from oilsee eeds ds, , compos posit ite e Kenaf af 14.8 – 24.7 90 90 – 125 5 - 7 5 240 - 490 product ucts, s, energy y product ucts days Sisal 13 - 17 17 2 – 4 2 4 1 1 - 4 500 500 - 1500 years 2019/05/28 11
Fib ibrous us pl plants nts se sele lection ion Name Pref efer erred ed Metal al selec ectivi ivity Metal al bioaccu ccumul mulati ation on site uptake ake/ab /absorpt sorption/co on/conc ncent entrati ation Bambusa sa balcoo oola la Roots, s, shoots Pb, Zn, Cr, Fe Pb: 36; Zn: 43 (mg/kg kg of b biomass ass) Flax Roots, s, capsule ule Pb, Cd, Zn Pb: 311; ; Cd: 13.1; ; Zn: 490 (mg/kg kg soil) Hemp Roots, s, shoots, , leaves, ves, Ni, Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu Ni: 123; Cd: 151; Cu: 1530 (mg/kg kg stems ms leaves) ves) Kenaf af Roots, s, shoots, , leaves ves Pb, Cd, Zn Pb: 42.2 (mg/kg kg soil) and seed capsu sule le Sisal Leaves aves Cd, Zn, Cu Cd: 1850 0 ; C Cu: 1340 (mg/kg kg sisal l fibre) e) 2019/05/28 12
Role le of hy hype per-accumulato accumulators Plant ant Rainfa fall l pH T emp Harvest vest Metals als Major Dry Metal al uptake ake (mm/year /year) prefer erence ence prefer erence ence time selec ected ed metals als biomass ass (mg/kg kg dry ( ℃ ) locatio ation (tons/ s/ha ha) weight) ht) in leaves ves Berkhey heya 35 35 -250 50 4.2 -7.4 4.3 – 21.7 4 m months hs Ni, Cd, C Cu, Leaves aves 22 22 Ni: 13979; ; Cu: coddii ii Fe, Pb, Zn, 33; Fe: 3771; 1; Au Au * , , Pd Pd, , Pt, , etc Senecio ecio 35 35 - 250 250 4.2 – 7.2 9 9 - 32 32 5 m months hs Ni plus Ca, Leaves aves, , 10 10 Ni: 12000; 0; Ca: coro ronatus natus Cu, Fe, K, roots 26000 00; K: 870 8700; 0; Mg, Mn, P Mg: 15000; 0; and Zn Zn Cynodon odon 50 50 -500 00 2.0 2.0 – 8.5 8.5 6 - 28 6 28 5 5 – 6 6 Mn, Zn, Cu, Leaves aves, , 5 - 15 5 15 Mn: 232; Zn: dactylo ylon months hs Pb, Cd and roots s and 40; Cu: 48; (grass ss) Co Co stems ms 13 2019/05/28
Enha nhancing ncing rem emed edia iatio tion n and nd pr produ duct t formati rmation • Combining ining the use of hyper er-accumulat accumulator ors s and fibrous us plants ts → offer er more e possibili ibilities ties over r long term rm • Fibr brous us plants nts grown n on heavily vily contaminat aminated ed soils ls show a reduction uction in growth th, , perfor formance ance and yield eld • Remediatio diation n can be done quicker icker and more effic iciently iently using g hyperaccumulator eraccumulators • Offer ers s flexibilit xibility y in choosing sing products ucts (f (fibre e vs vs seed d products ucts vs vs metals) ls) • Process cessing ing will ll be easier ier 2019/05/28 14
Scenari enario An Analysi lysis • Using ng Ber erkhe kheya ya coddii ii and hemp on 10 h ha of land nd of contaminated taminated land d to extract ract Nickel ckel and produce uce fibres es and/or or hemp seeds 1) 1) Value ue of Ni extrac acted ed from Ber erkheya heya coddii ii vs Hemp Amount t of Ni extract racted ed from om 0.285 0.285 - 2.03* 2.03* Dry bioma mass ss of Berk rkhey heya 220 220 Hemp (kg/h /ha) a) coddii for 10 ha (tonnes nnes) Amount t of Ni extract racted ed for 10 2200 2200 Amount t of Ni extract racted ed for 10 2.85 2.85 - 20 20 ha ( 1 % w w: w) (kg) g) ha (kg) g) Price ce of Ni (R/kg) kg) 184 Price ce of Ni (R/kg) kg) 184 Poten tentia tial l revenu enue e from om Ni (R) 404 800 Poten tentia tial l revenu enue e from om Ni (R) 524 - 3680 3680 * Considering the shoot harvest only or the entire plant harvest respectively 2019/05/28 15
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