APEC High Level Policy Dialogue Enhancing Public and Private Partnership To Reduce Food Losses and Waste for a Sustainable APEC Food System APEC Survey Report on No-regret Solutions for Food Loss and Waste Reduction Ching-Cheng (Emily) Chang Nguyen Thi Thu Trang Justin Lin June 15, 2018 1
Background: Summary of 1 st Survey Report Respondents: 16 MEs • 6 Advanced MEs: • Focus on food waste recovery and recycling • 10% target attainable • 10 Developing MEs: • Focus on food loss occurring in production • Less confident on reaching the 10% target • Consumer awareness. • Insufficient funding • Lack of clear objective & reliable data systems. 2
Estimate the 10% FLW reduction goal by 2020 The goal requires 67million tons 67 reduction Source: “APEC Food Security Roadmap Towards 2020”, Third Senior Officials’ Meeting, Beijing, China, 2014; and our estimation.
Stock-take targets, Gather information of policies and strategies for FLW quantification and FLW verify them 2 nd Survey OBJECTIVES Investigate PPP Identify potential, costs, and benefits of reducing barriers and FLW recommendations. 4
Survey Implementation • PPFS and ATCWG representatives • March ~ May, 2018. 5
Respondents South America, 2 Oceania, 15 MEs responded: 3 Accounting for 71.4% of APEC MEs North America, Geographical distribution is evenly spaced 2 • 8 Advanced MEs • 7 Developing MEs Asia, 8 Oceania Asia 6
1.Policy Targets and Strategies for FLW Reduction 14 • 12 MEs (80%) had either policy/plans at 12 economy level. 10 • 9 MEs have set the targets with the plans. • 3 MEs have policy but no specific targets 8 6 10 4 2 3 2 0 No policy and plan Have policy/plan but no target Have both target and policy/plan 7
2. Quantification of FLW in APEC MEs 2.1 Definition of FLW 16 • 10 MEs had a definition at economy level. 14 Only 3 MEs aligned with the FAO. 12 Definitions of FLW are diverse in terminology, 10 the scope and coverage of stages along FSC 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0 FAO's definition Economy's own definition YES NO 8
2.2 Quantifying method Does your economy adopt the Mass Flow Method suggested by FAO (2011) to quantify FLW? • US: • based mainly on inference. • develops supply and use balance sheets Australia Philippines for over 200 individual commodities. Japan Chinese Peru Taipei • Japan Singapore Viet Nam • mandatory regular repost system since Canada, 2007, in accordance with Food Recycling The US Law. • Peru • projects focusing on quantifying different agricultural products; • different methods to fit the products at best. 9
2.3 Validation of the FLW Quantity • 10 MEs provided us with their statistics for FLW. • None provide a complete estimate due to the lack of a systematic method • Quantity came from the advanced economy group. • Developing ME mainly provide the percentage of main crops. Hong Canada Kong, China -34% +19% Our estimate using Statistical data in Our estimate using Statistical data in MFM in 2013 2010 MFM in 2013 2016 (1,000 ton) (1,000 ton) (1,000 ton) (1,000 ton) Distribution: 1,168 Distribution: 1,340 Total FLW: 1,108 Total FLW: 1,318 Consumption: 5,141 Consumption: 2,814 10
3. No-regret options, potentials and cost of implementation How many solutions listed on the table have been implemented in your economy? Beside the original 14 solutions, the respondent provided 7 extra options: 18 19 20 17 21 15 16 Packaging Produce Smaller Waste Adjustments Manufacturing Value- Improved Specification Tracking Plates & Line & Spoilage Inventory added (Imperfect & Trayless Prevention Optimization Processing Management produce) Analytics Dining Packaging 11
14 20 no-regret 12 12 12 solutions in 11 11 11 11 11 10 APEC region 10 9 8 8 7 6 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 0 12
Challenges of implementation • It is cheaper to landfill • Lack of R&D funding, • Lack of incentives to support food waste rather than human resources, and changes to divert waste from to donate (edible), infrastructure. landfill. • Limited demand for the end compost (inedible), or • Implementation on recover and redirect products of composting. technologies. uneaten food to • Application standards, • Logistics of getting another use. wholesome food distributed enforcement and • Food firms will adopt a legislation. timely loss-reducing practice if • Food safety issue in • Lack of interest from the benefits outweigh food donation. consumers. the costs. Food waste Economic Technological handling/dispos factors factors ition factors 13
4. Public-Private Partnership (PPP) on FLW Reduction Implementation of PPP on FLW reduction by type and area Indicators of a successful PPP project, Strengths, weaknesses and improvements needed. 14
Q: What types of PPP have been applied What areas of reducing FLW that PPPs in your economy? have been applied in your economy? Advanced Economy Developing Economy Informal 1 Advanced Economy Developing Economy FLW reduction 4 4 Multi-function 2 3 campaign Agricultural facility 4 5 Public financial 4 6 enhancement Cold chain system 3 3 Joint ventures 2 5 Contractual 3 2 Food donation 6 3 Consultative 3 3 Food waste recycling 7 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 - PPP has covered the most in food waste recycling - Public financial support is the most popular with 12 APEC MEs. type of PPP - Advanced: 7 out of 8 PPP in food waste recycling - Joint ventures PPP is more prevalent in - Developing: - PPPs across all areas evenly developing MEs. - agricultural enhancement and food waste recycling slightly above others 15
Of the areas listed in figure 7, what areas have been affected by the current PPP? Food Agricultural FLW -Advanced ME: Food Cold chain waste facility reduction donation system most affected in Food donation and recycling. recycling enhancement campaign -Developing ME: Average 3.0 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.8 score Most affected in Food donation and agricultural Advanced 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.3 4.0 facility Developing 2.8 4.0 3.7 3.8 3.5 16
What areas of FLW reduction should PPP focus on? Advanced Economy Developing Economy FLW reduction campaign FLW reduction campaign 7 6 Agricultural facility Agricultural facility enhancement 1 7 enhancement Cold chain management Cold chain management 1 4 Food donation Food donation 6 4 Food waste recycling 7 Food waste recycling 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 - Both advanced and developing MEs agreed that reduction campaign and food waste recycling should be conducted with dominant advocates. - Developing MEs strongly recommend agricultural facility and cold chain improvement for further PPP applications. 17
What do you think are the key indicators of a successful PPP project on the areas of FLW reduction? Advanced Economy Developing Economy Risk management 6 1 Risk management 3 3 1 Public satisfaction 3 3 2 Public satisfaction 2 1 4 Stakeholders connection 3 1 4 Stakeholders connection 1 2 2 2 The amount of FLW can be reduced 3 5 The amount of FLW can be reduced 1 1 5 The wide spead of the project 3 2 3 The wide spead of the project 1 3 3 Resources saved 3 1 3 Resources saved 1 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Not important Slightly important Important Fairly important Very important Not important Slightly important Important Fairly important Very important - The most important indicator: The amount of FLW can be reduced -Advanced MEs: The resources saved and Stakeholder connection -Developing MEs: Public satisfaction 18
What are the strengths of applying PPP on reducing FLW? Advanced Economy Developing Economy 2 5 Increase government's budget efficiency Increase government's budget efficiency 5 3 Transfer risk to private sector Transfer risk to private sector 2 3 Appraise risk earlier Appraise risk earlier 4 4 Result in faster project completions Result in faster project completions 5 4 Provide better infrastructure solutions Provide better infrastructure solutions Make policy, knowledge-sharing, and Make policy, knowledge-sharing, and 7 7 enforcement more effective enforcement more effective 6 4 Improve data quality Improve data quality 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 - Major Advantage: improve performance of policy, knowledge-sharing, enforcement. - Advanced MEs: improve data quality on quantifying the amount of FLW - Developing MEs: improve government’s budget spending efficiency. 19
What are the disadvantages of applying PPP on reducing FLW? Major Disadvantages: Conflict between business’ gain and the environmental impact - Advanced MEs: Private sector own interests - Developing MEs: lack of contract management skills 20
What reasons will make you opt for PPP? Both advanced and developing MEs agree that both the FLW center and guidelines are in urgent need of supporting the implementation of PPP 14/15 MEs answered that a clear guideline of PPP on FLW is needed. 11/15 MEs expressed that an FLW centre can be established. Advanced Economy Developing Economy A FLW center A FLW center 6 5 A clear guidelines A clear guidelines 7 7 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 21
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