Events (Alice In Ac.on, Ch 6) Slides Credit: Joel Adams, - PDF document

CS 101 Lecture 26/27 Events ¡ (Alice ¡In ¡Ac.on, ¡Ch ¡6) ¡ Slides Credit: Joel Adams, Alice in Action Objectives • Programming to respond to events • Create new events in Alice • Create handler methods for Alice events • Use events to build interactive stories Alice in Action with Java 2 1

Events • Event: action generated by a user or a program – Ex: clicking the Play button will generate “ When the world starts ” event • Interactive programs, such as games, are event-driven • Two steps to making a program respond to an event – Choose or define a method to handle the event • Such a method is called an event handler • Define an event handler when responsive behavior is complex – Tell Alice to invoke the method when the event occurs Alice in Action with Java 3 More on Events • Event categories – Mouse event: triggered by mouse movement or click – Keyboard event: triggered when user presses a key – Program event: triggered when variable value changes • Conflicts can arise when coding parallel event logic – Example: two handlers modify the same property • How to avoid conflict – Ensure that handlers modify a property in sequence Alice in Action with Java 4 2

Events (continued) Alice in Action with Java 5 Handling Mouse Clicks: The Magical Doors • Castle door tells random knock-knock jokes • Events that will be added to the original program – Right door opens when the user clicks it – Left door tells knock-knock joke when the user clicks it Alice in Action with Java 6 3

The Right Door • First step: stop door from automatically telling jokes by making world.my first Method do nothing • Recall the two steps to handle an event – Use a predefined method or define a new method – Create an event that invokes the handler • Enabling the right door to respond to a mouse event – The door open/close motion feels simple  let us choose turn() to handle the event – Add When the mouse is clicked on something – Specify castle1.door as the event source Alice in Action with Java 7 The Right Door (continued) Alice in Action with Java 8 4

The Left Door • Enabling the left door to respond to a mouse event – Specify castle.door2 as the source of this event – Drag-and-drop world ’ s random joke method as handler • Test the program by clicking each door Alice in Action with Java 9 The Right Door Revisited • Logic error: right door continues to turn with user click • Right door should open if closed, and close if open – i.e. exhibiting the two-state behavior • General approach for dealing with multi-state behavior – Add an object property variable to store the object state – In object methods, use control flows such as the if statement to generate appropriate actions and perhaps also change the object state value afterwards Alice in Action with Java 10 5

The Right Door Revisited • Fix: implement two-state behavior for right door – Add Boolean property rightDoorClosed to castle – Replacement handler: openOrCloseRightDoor() – Build turn logic around the value of rightDoorClosed Alice in Action with Java 11 The Right Door Revisited (continued) Alice in Action with Java 12 6

Event Handling is Simultaneous • Example: left door tells jokes while right door turns • Alice handles simultaneous events well Alice in Action with Java 13 Event Design • Six keys for six types of helicopter movement – ‘ a ’ key: ascend – ‘ d ’ key: descend – Up arrow key: move forward – Down arrow key: move backward – Left arrow key: turn left – Right arrow key: turn right • Keys are chosen for two reasons – Convenient positions and mnemonic values • Choosing correct keys improves usability Alice in Action with Java 14 7

Helicopter Flight Simulation • Plan the world for a helicopter simulation – Add airport, helicopter, city terrain, buildings, and a cat – Position the helicopter at the airport – Position camera to be peering out in front of helicopter – Set the camera ’ s vehicle property to be helicopter Alice in Action with Java 15 Helicopter Flight Simulation • Event handling – Observation: feasible helicopter motion depends on its status in air • E.g. it can only descend, turn L/R, or move F/B, when it is in air – Define Boolean property inTheAir for helicopter – In event handler methods, check the value of inTheAir and respond accordingly Alice in Action with Java 16 8

Helicopter Flight Simulation • Making the helicopter ascend (continued) – Add a When a key is typed event – Change event to While a key is typed event – Associate the ‘ A ’ key with the event – Enable the handler to perform while ‘ A ’ key is pressed Alice in Action with Java 17 Helicopter Flight Simulation Alice in Action with Java 18 9

Helicopter Flight Simulation • Making the helicopter descend – Define descend() method for helicopter • Method logic mirrors the logic of ascend() • Note that the ground provides a floor for the descent – Enable descend() to perform while ‘ D ’ key is pressed Alice in Action with Java 19 Helicopter Flight Simulation Alice in Action with Java 20 10

Helicopter Flight Simulation • Define turnSlightly() to handle left or right turns – helicopter turns only if inTheAir is true – turnSlightly() takes a Left or Right argument – Arrow keys are associated with the method – Depressing arrow key sends a Left or Right argument Alice in Action with Java 21 Helicopter Flight Simulation • Connect the left and right arrow keys with the method – Depressing arrow key sends a Left or Right argument Alice in Action with Java 22 11

Helicopter Flight Simulation • Define go() to handle forward or backward movement – Logic is similar to logic for turnSlightly() method Alice in Action with Java 23 Alice Tip: Using 3-D Text • Helicopter simulator should have flight instructions • Solution: add 3-D text that explains the interface • Creating 3-D text for the simulator – Return to the Add Objects screen – Click Create 3D Text (at far end of Local Gallery ) – Add flight instructions in the text box – Click OK – Rename the text object, instructions Alice in Action with Java 24 12

Alice Tip: Using 3-D Text (continued) Alice in Action with Java 25 Repositioning Text that is Off-Camera • Right-click instructions to access methods • Three settings for positioning text in front of camera – Choose methods-> setPointOfView (<asSeenBy)->camera – Choose methods->move(<direction>,<amount>) ->FORWARD->10 meters – Choose methods->turn<direction>,<amount>) ->LEFT->1/2 revolution • Linking text to camera and changing text color – Set instructions.vehicle to camera – Set instructions.color to yellow Alice in Action with Java 26 13

Repositioning Text that is Off-Camera (continued) Alice in Action with Java 27 Adding a Background • Text for instructions is difficult to read • Solution: provide a background for the text • One way to add a background to instructions – Insert square object ( Square is in Shapes Folder ) – Resize and reposition square behind instructions – Set square.color property to black – Make light turn to face the instructions – Set the square.vehicle property to instructions Alice in Action with Java 28 14

Adding a Background (continued) Alice in Action with Java 29 Making Text Appear or Disappear • Another example of two-state behavior • Implementation strategy – Add handler to switch value of isShowing property • Logic of toggleInstructionVisibility() – Negate the value of isShowing property – Apply negation to both square and instructions • Completing the implementation of the handler – Add a When a key is typed event – Associate the toggle method with the spacebar Alice in Action with Java 30 15

Making Text Appear or Disappear (continued) Alice in Action with Java 31 Making Text Appear or Disappear (continued) Alice in Action with Java 32 16

Summary • Event: action generated by a user or a program • User events: keyboard events and mouse events • Event handler: method called in response to an event • Event-driven program: program directed by events and handlers • Two-state behavior: pattern that switches the state of an object Alice in Action with Java 33 17