ESRAM FIJI: CHRIS HEIDER SPREP-PEBACC BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA 21-22 NOVEMBER 2016
Outline • Approach • Methodology • Work to Date • Key EbA Issues • Highlights & Challenges • Process Issues Emerging • Next Steps
Project Team • Project Management – Chris Heider • Ecosystem Ecology (terrestrial & coastal) – Chris Heider • Marine & Freshwater Ecology – Rikki Dunsmore • Hydrology, Hydrogeology, Geomorpology – Ed Salminen • Natural Resource Economics, Social Capital – Mark Buckley • Traditional Culture & Heritage – Simione Tuimalega • SPREP Country Lead – Herman Timmermans • SPREP Project Officer, Logistics Officer, Communications Officer – Filomena, Roneel & Jilda
Mapping Mayhem & Fun Facts: Fiji Islands • The dateline crosses the two focal areas for the Macuata ESRAM Dateline • Access to base maps is painful or non-existent (see example here) • Queries for available data using online website creates a total mess, accessing all 360 degrees of the globe Anti-Meridian Taveuni • Have this “lucky challenge” only in: • Our study area: Macuata Province & Taveuni Island, as well as Rabi Island (Fiji) • Chukokta and Wrangel Island (Russia) • Ross Dependency , Antarctica (NZ)
Macuata Province: • ~1,976 km 2 • ~2,841 km 2 in watershed area • ~101 Villages surveyed by CCD • Large sugar cane hub • Dispersed fishing fleet • Forestry Taveuni Island • ~437 km 2 • 13 Vanua • Free Hold • Lease Holders • Agriculture export & Tourism sectors
Approach • Focus on describing ecosystem functions through “lens” of what matters to people (e.g. scarcity of ecosystem goods & services) • Identify Limiting Factors and Forces of Change that are both through management (behavior) and through climate (perceived and real) • ESRAM document will cover all three scales in one document • Executive Summaries will highlight factors at each scale to target audiences (National and Provincial Government, NGO/IGOs, Community Leaders).
Scope, Budget & Level of Effort Island Scale Vulnerability: • Focus on lasting management framework (GIS) • Work through traditional landowner structure 14% • Integrate Free-Hold Landowners & Limitations • Identify policy-rooted synergies or obstacles (e.g. Leased land) Province Scale Vulnerability: • 43% Role of industry in national economy • Community/ Village Vulnerabilities (perceived) • Synthesis of GIS data to identify vulnerabilities (quantified) • Review of ongoing efforts for EbA/ CBMA • Cross linkages of Provincial & Government Policies • 43% Watershed management across boundaries National Scale Vulnerability: • Policy-related or goal activities and potential synergies/obstacles • Pathways to sustainable management via Policy or Program initiative Island (Taveuni) Province (Macuata) National
Field Effort, Workshops & Meetings [CATEGORY NAME] [CATEGORY NAME] [CELLRANGE] [SERIES [CELLRANGE] [SERIES NAME] NAME] June 2016 (2017) [CATEGORY NAME] [CELLRANGE] [SERIES Total Trips: 4 Missions NAME] International Person Trips: 8 Total People Days: 105 August 2016 [CATEGORY NAME] [CELLRANGE] [SERIES NAME] October-November 2016
Social & Economic Lenses Applied Thematic Review Adaptation Hydrology & Context “Filter” Freshwater Resources Social Structure Context Marine & Freshwater Scarcity Governance Ecology Limiting Factors Climate Terrestrial Vulnerable Vulnerable & Forces Forces Implementation Ecology Resources Conditions Affecting Capacity Change Agriculture & Implementation Forestry Mechanisms Transportation & Energy Adaptation Social Capital Infrastructure Implementation Strategies Feasibility EbA/ CBMA Adaptation Benefits
Social Structure Implementation Implementation Governance Context Capacity Mechanisms Adaptation Context “Filter” Traditional Vanua Internal resource Projects structure organizational owners Elected and Government External Programs appointed structure relations officials The human framework to Leadership Land tenure Land Board Laws design and conduct EbA/ CBMA and personnel Market forces Market and Skills and tools structure Commerce Population Landowners demographics and Lessees Implementation Donors IGOs/NGOs
Key Considerations of Adaptation • Is the change related to climate or behavior? Both? • What is the threat or incentive to drive change in behavior towards adaptation? • Who owns the land/ water resources affected? • Who controls the resources? • Can common stakeholder goals allow for successful adaptation to change?
Land Tenure Drives Land Stewardship Who owns what? • Traditional Lands = Clans • Free-hold Lands = Individuals or entities • Leased Lands = Leased for short term, 30, 50 or 99 years. • Marine resources (aquaculture) = Also owned and leased (no known freehold). • Issues surrounding investment in resource health and sustainability when lands are not owned . Why invest in land when it’s not yours?
Development of Vulnerable Resources, Adaptation Options, Benefits Examples of Vulnerability Analysis for • Marine Ecosystems • Freshwater Resources • Agricultural Systems • Terrestrial Ecosystems • Transportation & Energy See flowchart
Social & Economic Lenses Applied Thematic Review Adaptation Hydrology & Context “Filter” Freshwater Resources Social Structure Context Marine Ecology Scarcity Governance Limiting Factors Climate Terrestrial Vulnerable Vulnerable & Forces Forces Implementation Ecology Resources Conditions Affecting Capacity Change Agriculture & Implementation Forestry Mechanisms Transportation & Energy Adaptation Social Capital Infrastructure Implementation Strategies Feasibility EbA/ CBMA Adaptation Benefits
Climate Additive Vulnerable Adaptation Resilience forces forces conditions strategies benefits Inadequate Storm Increased/reli reef and Marine frequency and Overfishing able tourism pelagic fish reserves/Tabu intensity revenue populations Terrestrial Coral reef Reliable Sea surface Fishing runoff health and fish/invert temperature regulations pollution extent harvest stocks Mangrove and Sea grass Habitat Coastal marsh Sea level flux health and protection/res prop/infr degradation extent toration protection and loss Material Ocean extraction Fish export Recreation & Eroded coasts acidification (sand, rock limits Tourism and coral) Pollution Upland Channel attenuation agricultural Public health dredging Marine/coastal capacity BMPs Community Planting/Engi Oceanographi ecosystems use & neering c patterns Livelihood solutions Use related Damage
Climate Additive Vulnerable Adaptation Resilience forces forces conditions strategies benefits Existing Storm Groundwater Increased/ ground/ frequency Reserves/Tabu surface water supply reliable water and intensity trends supply Mining, Population Surface Sea level flux forest, ag. trends water supply Floodplain regulations protection Terr. runoff Pollution Mining, Rainfall pollution attenuation forest, ag. magnitude Clean water (erosion, mines, capacity BMPs supply sani) Air temperature Riparian/ Floodplain Wetland & Reduction in regime wetlands vulnerability riparian delivered restoration degradation and pollutants loss Drought Community frequency, Engineering Sustainable use/Livelihood (infrastructural) duration, intensity Gravel aquatic of aquatic use solutions fisheries extraction Aquatic habitat & Water Recreation & species Delivery metering& tourism infrastructure pricing Recreation & Freshwater Tourism Public health Ag. Trends (irrigation) resources River/stream re- engineering
Climate Additive Vulnerable Adaptation Resilience forces forces conditions strategies benefits Storm Household Increased/ Stable land frequency Imports revenue reliable farm tenure and intensity dependence revenue Household Agricultural Air Reliable food Land tenure food prescriptions temperature supply dependence & BMPs Reduction of Competitive Rainfall Soil fertility reef/ marine uses(forestry, Eroding soils distribution management habitat urban, etc) damage Investments Rainfall Customs & Local sourcing Soil infertility in local magnitude practices (keep it local) community Market Agro- Demand Agricultural Engineering Water quality (includes land base solutions quality) Agricultural Operating Fair Trade Public health systems costs (etc.) Disease Agrotourism vectors
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