Energy in Japan challenge for the future A Brighter Tomorrow? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Energy in Japan ‐ challenge for the future ・・・ A Brighter Tomorrow? ‐ Hisanori Nei Professor, National Graduate Institute For Publich Studies,Japan 2014,Dec.3 rd at CEE

Energy in Japan After the Great East Japan Earthquake and the TEPCO’s Fukushima nuclear accident, the circumstance of energy in Japan has changed drastically as follows: /No NPS operation ・・・ 288Gkwh(2010 ） Lost /LNG import increase ・・・ 73.3Mt(2010) 85.9Mt(2011),90.1Mt(2013) /Energy Consumption Down ・・ 15.0EJ(2010) 14.5EJ(2011),14.2(2013) /Electricity Tariff Increase /Increase Fuel Cost ・・・ 3.6Trillion Yen (30 billion US$)/year

Diversification of Energy Supply after Oil Crisis mainly by Nuclear Primary Energy Supply in Japan 25000 PJ Primary Energy Supply in Japan 100% 20000 90% 80% 70% 15000 60% 50% 10000 40% 30% 5000 20% 10% 0 0% 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Coal Oil Gas Renewable Hydro Nuclear Coal Oil Gas Renewable Hydro Nuclear

Increase Nuclear Energy Supply for last 4 Decades Primary Energy Supply in Japan Primary Energy Supply in Japan 100% 350 90% 80% 300 70% 250 60% 200 50% 40% 150 30% 100 20% 50 10% 0% 0 1972 1975 1977 1980 1982 1986 1989 1990 1992 1996 1999 2000 2005 1972 1975 1977 1980 1982 1986 1989 1990 1992 1996 1999 2000 2005 Oil Coal Natural Gas Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Renewable Oil Coal Natural Gas Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Renewable

After Fukushima Energy Figure in Japan goes back to almost 4 decades ago PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY IN 2010 PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY IN 1990 Nuclear Nuclear Coal 11% 9% Coal Hydro Hydro 17% 23% 4% 3% Renewable Renewable 3% 4% Gas 11% Gas 19% Oil Oil 40% 56% PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY IN 2013 PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY IN 2012 Hydro Nuclear Hydro Nuclear Renewable Renewable 3% 1% 3% 1% 4% 4% Coal Coal 23% 25% Gas Gas 24% 25% Oil Oil 44% 43%

LNG is major energy source cover the loss of NPS Mt Long Term Import 2011 Import 2010 LNG Import by Country (Japan) Mt 90.0 4.3 5.6 5.1 UAE 80.0 6.0 6.2 5.9 Burnei 70.0 15.4 15.1 14.6 Malaysia 60.0 5.8 7.9 12.9 50.0 Indonesia 6.0 14.3 7.7 40.0 Quatar 30.0 3.0 4.2 2.7 Oman 20.0 13.3 13.6 13.2 Australia 10.0 4.9 7.8 6.0 Russia 0.0 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 0.2 0.6 U.S.A US Burnei UAE 9.0 1.5 Others Indonesia Malaysia Australia Quatar Oman Equatorial Guinea 58.8 83.2 70.6 Total Russia Others

Coal consumption link with Total energy demand. Changes of Power Supply Sources in Japan NaturalGas Coal OIl Hydro Nuclear Renewable

Maintain High Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency Trend 0.9 0.8 1.600 1.400 0.7 1.200 0.6 toe/kUS$ toe/kUS$ 1.000 0.5 0.800 0.4 0.600 0.3 0.400 0.2 0.200 0.1 0.000 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 0 Japan World OECD Russia China India Souce:IEA Energy Efficiency Trend 0.300 EJ Energy Demand & GDP TYen 0.250 18.00 600 0.200 16.00 toe/kUS$ 500 14.00 0.150 12.00 400 0.100 10.00 300 8.00 0.050 6.00 200 0.000 4.00 100 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2.00 0.00 0 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 Japan US Germany UK France EU27 OECD Industry Residencial Business Transport GDP

History of Electricity System Reform in Japan No competition in the electricity market before 1995. 10 vertically integrated GEUs(General Electricity Utilities) dominated and controlled the market 1995 ・ Open the IPP (Independent Power Producer) market 2000 ・ Introduce partial retail competition (>2000kw) ・ Accounting separation of Transmission/Distribution sector 2005 ・ Expand retail competition(>50kw) ・ Establish the whole sale power exchange(JEPX) (2008) ・ Modify the rule of wheeling rates

Current electricity system Negative aspects of regional monopoly were revealed ・ Partial liberalization : retail competition for over 50kw by 3.11 customers ・ Retail players : 10 big GEUs(vertically integrated, regional 1.Lack of system to transmit electricity beyond regions. monopoly), PPS, etc ・ Situation is… 2.Little competition and strong price control 3. Limit in digesting the change in energy mix (cf. ・ Share of non ‐ GEU power producer and supplier : 3.6% renewables) ・ 0.6% of the total retail market sales is transacted at JEPX

Decision on Electricity System Reform in 2013 ・ The Cabinet decided to execute the Policy on Electricity System Reform on April 2, 2013 Objectives: /Securing the stable supply /Suppressing electricity rates to the maximum extent possible /Expanding choices for consumers and business opportunities Process: A bold reform will be steadily carried out step by step focusing on the 3 agendas: /Cross ‐ regional Coordination of Transmission Operators(by 2015) /Full Retail Competition in around 2016 (regulated tariff expired by 2020) /Unbundle the transmission/distribution sector by 2020

For Full Retail Competition

Nuclear Power Plants in Japan Tomari Higashidori Tsuruga Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Onagawa Mihama Takahama Shika Fukushima-Daiichi Ooi Fukushima-Daini Shimane Tokai-Daini Genkai Hamaoka Ikata Sendai

Sendai2 Kashiwazaki Hamaoka2 kariwa1 Fukushima- Takahama1 Mihama3 Tokai-Daini Ooi2 Sendai1 Hamaoka3 Daini3 Fukuhima- Takahama2 Fukushima- Fukushima- Fukushima- Fukushima- Fukushima- Mihama1 Onagawa1 Takahama4 Tomari1 Daiichi2 daiichi3 Daiichi4 Daiichi6 Daini1 Daini4 Fukushima- Fukushima- Fukushima- Tokai Tsuruga1 Mihama2 Shimane1 Genkai1 Hamaoka1 Ikata1 Ooi1 Genkai2 Ikata2 Takahama3 Tsuruga2 Shimane2 Daiichi1 Daiichi5 Daini2 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 Hamaoka4 Kashiwazaki Ikata3 kariwa3 Kashiwazaki Kashiwazaki Ooi3 Shika1 Genkai4 Higashidori1 kariwa2 kariwa４ Kashiwazaki Kashiwazaki Kashiwazaki Tomari2 Ooi4 Genkai3 Onagawa2 Onagawa3 Hamaoka5 Shika2 Tomari3 kariwa5 kariwa6 kariwa7 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The Accident at Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS • The accident at Fukushima Dai ‐ ichi NPS was caused by long lasting complete power loss due to common cause failure (CCF) of electrical equipment following tsunami, and insufficient provision against severe accident. • It is rated at INES Level 7, and people where lived in the specific area including those within 20 km radius from the site are still not able to return home. The moment when tsunami attacked Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS (source: TEPCO) 18

Technical Knowledge acquired from the Accident In order to address root causes in a practical manner, we has closely investigated accident in the areas of: – External power supply systems – On ‐ site power supply systems – Cooling systems – Confinement systems – Communication, instrumentation and control systems, and emergency response arrangements 19

Treatment of High Level Radioactive Contaminated Water • Highly-radioactive contaminated water accumulated in the reactor building and turbine buildings is treated to reduce the concentrations of radioactive materials and reused. High ‐ Level Radioactive Contaminated Water Treatment System Water level is controlled to prevent the contaminated water from leaking to outside the building Reactor building Process main Contaminated water building Oil separator treatment system High ‐ temperature incinerator building Turbine building Contained within concrete walls Cesium adsorption system (Kurion, US) No. 2 cesium adsorption 1m system (Toshiba) P P P Decontamination system P (Areva, Fra) High concentration accumulated water receiver tanks (underground) Sea (Currently in Reactor water stand ‐ by mode) injection pump Radioactive concentration Accumulated water is is reduced to transferred to the tank 1/10,000 or less before it overflows Low to medium Storage tanks Fresh concentration tanks water Desalination device <reverse osmosis> Condensate saline water receiver tank Desalination device Leakage is prevented by controlling the water level Fresh water <evaporation concentration 》 in the buildings and by installing weirs or monitoring function to other equipment and facilities Concentrated liquid waste storage tank 20