Fast Ignition Realization Experiment and Prospect to Inertial Fusion Energy in Japan High Energy Density Science Laser Development Laser Astro/Planets Fusion Hiroshi AZECHI Director, Institute of Laser Engineering, Osaka University Fusion Energy Conference of IAEA 2014.10.14 St. Petersburg, Russia 1
Magnetic and Laser Fusion Magnetic Fusion Laser Fusion Lens Laser Coil Magnetic Fusion Field Plasma Fusion Plasma Thousand Times Solid Density (10 3 ) One Billionth of Solid Density (10 -9 ) Fuel Diameter: mm→ Compact Fuel Diameter: 10 m Pulse Reactor→ Peak-load Steady State Reactor→ Base-load Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ITER Organization French Atomic Energy Commission Japan Atomic Energy Agency Osaka University National Institute for Fusion Science 2
Central and Fast Ignition Schemes Central Ignition proposed by J. Nuckolls in 1972 Ignition Compression Burn Diesel Engine Burn Compression Ignition Fast Ignition proposed by T. Yamanaka in 1983 Gasoline Engine Spark Plug Forced Ignition →Compactness Compact fusion will accelerate inertial fusion energy development. 3
Fast Ignition Realization EXperiment Nano-sec Implosion Laser Pico-sec Heating Laser GEKKO-XII LFEX: World largest pico-sec laser So far, 1-keV is demonstrated ． FIREX-I Heating to 5 keV FIREX-II Ignition and burn 4
Approach to ignition temperature Temperature (keV) 2 : increasing heating efficiency Fast Electron Guiding by B Field 1 : increasing laser energy LFEX: 1 beam to 4 beams Heating Laser Energy (kJ) Fiscal Year 2013 Heating Basics 1 : increasing laser energy 2014 4-Beam operation Heating Scaling 2 : increasing heating efficiency 201x 5-keV Heating 201x Check-and-Review of FIREX-I 5
1: increasing laser energy 2014 LFEX 2009 Giant Lasers developed 4 beams in the past 40 years 10 kJ /10ps Peta Watt 1996 2013 3 beams 2011 2 beams 2009 1 beam GEKKO-X II 1983 GEKKO-MII 1979 GEKKO-IV 1977 GEKKO-II 1973 10 kJ 10 ps 0.5 kJ 0.5 ps 2 m Precision gratings 10 kJ 1ns ensure high energy 180 cm 2 kJ 1ns output. 6
2 : increasing heating efficiency Fast Ignition Target Fast Electron Guiding by B Field Nature 2001, 2002 ⇒ Efficient heating High B Field Sci. Report 2013 𝑧 ⃗ 𝑦 ⃗ 2.1ps 2.1ps 𝑨 ⃗ Heating Laser Fuel B B z + Fujioka, Thu Morning Ignition 7 0 T + 1 60 T + Worldwide collaboration Fuel Gain > 2 (2014) on new concepts 50µ 7
Strategy towards Fusion Power Generation 〜 2015 ～ 2025 FIREX-II FIREX-II: Ignition&Burn FIREX-I: Ignition Temp 〜 2035 Atomic Energy Commission of Japan reported (Oct. 2005): “ Based on its (FIREX-I) achievement, decide whether it should be advanced to the second-phase program aiming at the realization of ignition and burning ” LIFT: Power Generation *Laboratory Inertial Fusion Test 8
Two innovations for high repetition laser From Glasses to Ceramics From Flush Lamps to Diodes Flash Lamps Laser Glasses Broad spectra •Large optics →Inefficiency •Low thermal conductivity Laser Diodes Yb: YAG Cooled Emission lines≈ 60mm Ceramic Crystal absorption lines •Large optics 18mm •High thermal 60mm conductivity 100 times efficiency 1000 times thermal conductivity DiPOLE ( UK Rutherford Lab.) 10J, 10Hz GEMBU Laser 1J, 100Hz Outflow Lucia (France LULI) Cooled Ceramic Crystal Laser >10J, 10Hz developed in ILE becomes Global Standard. ELI Beamlines (Czech) L2: 100J, 10Hz 9
EUV project has already demonstrated Target Injection and Beam Pointing target � � laser � plasma intermediate EUV collection mirror � � focus (IF) � � Unsynchronized Laser Synchronized Backlight never miss the target 10
First Fusion Target Injection Komeda, Sci. Rep. 2013 4 posters on Thursday 1-mm-diam. fl yi 11
Cascaded Liquid Wall Laser fusion chamber has • Cascaded liquid wall • Beam port protection Liquid Wall Stability Port Protection at equal Weber # Kyushu U. and Kyoto U. Beam port can be protected with 1-T magnetic field. Kyoto U. Demo of reactor core plasma is critical 12
Experimental Test Facility, LIFT for power generation Implosion Laser 500 kJ 4Hz Electric output Pellet Injector Heating Laser 100 MW 150 kJ 4Hz Fusion output 300 MW Electric power Steam Electric power vapor transmission for laser turbine Fuel pellet injection Electrical generator water High power 13 laser Laser fusion
Experimental reactor (i-)LIFT integrates all physics and engineering activities. 30 2010 15 20 25 35 40 45 50 Reactor Core Plasma Physics ◆ Ignition Laser Inertial Fusion Energy LIFE NIF (US) LMJ (France) 内数： SGIV (China) ▲ Ignition 億円 ◆ ◆ Fast FIREX-I (Jpn), EP FIREX-II Construction ： 2-3 B$ Ignition Ignition Temp Judge: FIREX-II & Eng. Design – 建設費： 億円 Repeated Burn Power Production Tritium Breeding Experimental Reactor Eng. LIFT ▲ Commercial Design Phase III Phase I Phase II 核融合原型炉 demonstration 500kJ+150kJ/ 1-4Hz 500kJ+150kJ/ 1-4Hz 500kJ+150kJ/ 1Hz 億円 0.5 Year, Liquid 1 week 100 sec ◆ Power production Wall Construction ： 3-4 B$ Integrated Engineering Test – 建設費： 億円 Reactor Demonstration Plant Commercial technology Eng. 1kJ, 16Hz DEMO Plant Elements Design 64kJ/16Hz Driver development 1.2 MJ/4Hz 1.2 MJ/16 Hz Target fab., Injection, Tracking 1 Chamber 4 Chambers 100 sec Fusion chamber, Blanket Material Test for Commercial Plant Power plant technology, ESE issues (i-)LIFT is Laser based Fast Track. Revised in 201 ４ IFE Forum 14
Strategy to Practical Use (Plan) 【 Guidelines 】 Space debris elimination Fusion Laser >MW ・国産技術の活用と光技術の進展 ・確実な目標設定とスケーラビリティ ・新産業基盤技術の創成 ・既存産業におけるイノベーション Non-destructive test by trailer-top g source PALLC, LLNL (2012) Laser Compton Source 235 U Optical technology Goal evolution 1 kJ ・ Optical material Boron Neutron ELI Preliminary Module ・ Polishing Report (2011 ) Cancer Therapy ・ Multi layer coating JAEA 脳腫瘍 Industrial Innovation Power LD Large Ceramics Neutron High Pulse Energy Cooling System Design α 線 ホウ素 CFRP manufacturing Beam Cancer Therapy ビーム輸送 粒子線加速 レーザー装置 Solar Battery ・ FPD (PolySi, Cutting 臨床部 NIKKEI Newspaper GENBU 医療 JAEA Yb:YAG Ceramic HALNA 20 器具 (2011) 約 10m 加工 15 1J, 100Hz 20J, 10Hz
Alliance with International Industrial Academic Communities 16
World Centers for High Power Lasers CEA: LMJ RCLF: SG-III&IV SIOM: SG-II EP: LULI LLNL: NIF Asia Russia: UFL-2M UFL-2M (Russia) Europe RAL: CLF US UofR: LLE Russia: XCELS EU: ELI JAEA: J-KARENP Japan Osaka: GEKKO/LFEX National Joint Usage/Research Center 17
Photon Industries in Japan Laser Technologies created in GEKKO Series Random Phase Plates Large Format Grating Kato, PRL1984 Laser Glasses Yamanaka, Izumitani Ceramic Crystal Nonlinear Cristal Yoshida, J. Am. Ceram. Soc.1995 Sasaki, APL1995 Ueda, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001 Contribution to Growth of Industries World-class photon industries and engineers are created. 18
Industry ’ s Engagement into Laser Fusion TOYOTA’s President Emeritus, Sho-ichiro Toyo ｄ a, visited ILE, Osaka TOYOTA is not a company just to make automobiles. TOYOTA has responsibility to generate energy. Toyo ｄ a HAMAMATSU and TOYOTA demonstrated TOYOTA’s existing technology compact laser fusion system “TERU” Latest Looming Machine has Diode pumped laser Wept injection: >10 Hz, 80 m/s 100 J, >10 Hz pointing accuracy: better than mm 19
Contributions to basic science Plasma Phys. Hydrodynamics High Field Implosion Efficient Heating Electron Stream B Fusion Meteorite Collision Magnetic Field Collisionless Shock Science • Nonlinear Zeeman • Landau Quantization •Vacuum Breakdown Nature Geosci. 2014 Sci. Report 2013 Nature Physics 2012 20
Meteorite Collision Chicxulub crater at Yucatan Laser Ablation Acceleration Ohno, 2014 Sulphate-rich vapor Dynasours Extinction global acid rain, destroying the ecosystem A huge quantity of sulphur trioxide made sulfuric acid ocean. 21
Our mission Near Future Industry Energy Science Present High Energy Density Science Laser Development Laser Astro/Planets Fusion 22
Summary • Fast ignition scheme is steadily on going as FIREX I project. We will achieve 5-keV temperature within a few years, with the increase of heating efficiency by magnetic field guiding of electron beam and the full performance operation in LFEX. • Toward future power plant, we are developing high rep. rate laser technologies including ceramic lasers invented by ILE. • Our activities toward fusion energy are also contributing to enlarge photonics industry, basic science research with intense lasers, and the education of people for all of these related society. 23
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