Biomass based Decentralized Energy solutions Sunil Dhingra Biomass Energy Technology Applications, TERI 13 February 2009 Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Outline • Energy scenario • Major energy challenges • Biomass Resource • Some TERI initiatives • Sum up Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Energy Scenario in India: Energy Supply • Coal: Hydro – Major fuel (38%) 2% Non- • 70% of electricity generation is coal based • Industrial fuel commercial Nuclear • Biomass: (biomass) 1% – Primary fuel for cooking in rural hhs 29% Coal • Oil and natural gas: 38% – Mainly used as transport fuel • Other uses: industry, irrigation pump-sets, cooking fuel (LPG & kerosene) Natural Gas • 75% imports 7% • Others Oil – Wind: > 10000 MW of installed capacity 23% – Nuclear: Around 3000 MW Source: Planning Commission,2005 Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Energy Scenario in India: Low per capita energy consumption 2500.0 2000.0 • Present per capita 1500.0 1000.0 energy consumption 500.0 very low 0.0 USA China Russian Japan India Germany Canada France United South Brazil Federation Kingdom Korea 10000 • Even with 8 % 9000 8000 economic growth, 7000 6000 5000 per capita energy 4000 3000 consumption would 2000 1000 only be 1122 kgoe in 0 Russian Federation Germany United Kingdom USA China Japan India Canada France South Korea World Average 2030. Source: Planning Commission,2005 Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Energy Challenges • Increasing energy supply for sustained economic growth • Energizing rural India • Energy security • Using energy efficiently • Ensuring long-term sustainability of energy use Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Biomass Energy : Current scenario • Primary source of energy for 2.4 billion people • 11% contribution in the global final energy consumption (2001) – Latin America – 18% – Asia – 25% – Africa – 49% Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Bio resource base in India • Coal Production – 407 million tons (2005-06) • Biomass production – 840 million tons (Firewood 220 million tons) (Agro residues 620 million tons) • Biomass at par with coal, but used inefficiently Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Modern biomass • To reduce fossil fuel consumption • To increase end-use efficiency • To reduce greenhouse gas emissions (Asian Brown Haze?) Applications • At domestic level • At community level • For small & rural enterprises • For other applications Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Energizing rural India • 44.2 % of the households i.e. 84 million households do not have access to electricity (2000) • 86% of the rural households depend on biomass (firewood, chips, dungcakes) for cooking energy • Access to modern energy is critical for: Income poverty reduction – Improvements in health, education, – etc Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
The Drivers • Subsidy structure (Thermal & electrical) • Incentives under: – VESP (Village Energy Security Program) – RVE (Remote Village Electrification) – RGGVY (Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana) Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Village Energy Security through Biomass • Aims at meeting the total energy requirements of a village through modern biomass technologies such as biogas, biomass and biofuels based on locally available resources. • Plantations of fast growing fuel wood and oil bearing trees • Goes beyond rural electrification per se • Opportunities for employment and income generation. • Environment-friendly and sustainable. Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Biomass Conversion Technologies • Modern biomass technologies can convert biomass to solid, liquid or gaseous fuels at improved efficiencies for thermal, mechanical or electrical energy production such as � Charcoal, briquettes � Liquid fuels such as vegetable oils / bio-diesel from oilseeds, ethanol from crop residues � Biogas from anaerobic digestion of animal and other organic wastes / residues � Producer gas through biomass conversion in small gasifiers Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Overview of Biomass Technology Research at TERI • Power Gasifier – Rural electrification (10-40 kWe) – Captive generation (50-250 kWe) • Thermal Gasifier / Stove – About 12 biomass gasifier based packages developed – Oil replacement market – Energy Efficiency improvement • Bio-fuels – Technology development for ethanol production from ligno-cellulose material – Production of fuel oil from Biomass through Pyrolysis Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Biomass gasifier based power plant Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Highlights – Thermal Gasifier Application No. of gasifiers installed Cardamom drying 185 Silk reeling 38 Textile Dyeing 27 CO 2 production 3 Rubber drying 15 Magnesium Chloride 2 Food Processing 40 Remelting furnaces 5 Institutional applications (Crematoria, 25 cooking etc.) Others 15 Total 355 Fossil Fuel displaced ~ 43,000 TOE Emission reduction 159,000 tonnes CO 2 Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Gasifier applications in small industries Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Biogas Production • Biogas (gobar gas) has traditionally been produced from cow dung. • Technologies being developed for using tree based organic substrates such as leaf litter, seed starch / cakes, vegetable waste, kitchen waste, etc. • Single/biphasic processes give higher methane yield with lower retention period • Biogas can be used for cooking, or to produce electricity in dual fuel or in 100% gas engine mode. Rich organic manure provides value addition Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Gasifier Stove Smokeless and complete combustion. • Higher efficiency • Easy to operate • Consumes very low power • Family stove 2 to 4 Watt • Community 20 Watt • Economically viable • Can be manufactured locally • Ease in service and maintenance • Comfortable ash removal system • Provided with PV / power pack • Controlling the power to the required level Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Bio-fuel Production • Biofuels comprise non-edible vegetable oils in their natural form called straight vegetable oils (SVO), methyl or ethyl esters known as treated vegetable oils, and esterified vegetable oils referred to as bio-diesel • In remote areas esterification may have logistic limitations. Use of SVO in stationery diesel engines appears feasible subject to modified maintenance schedule and by heating the oil using engine exhaust heat Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Highlights – Power Gasifier Project Project Total Number of Average commissio Cumulative families Load kWe ned hours logged connected Village Kaneiput May 2004 3000 32 5-6 Orissa Village Deodhara, December 1900 65 6-8 Orrissa 2004 Village Jemara, February 2500 92 8-9 Chattisgarh 2005 Village Bhaogarh April 2006 1500 97 9-10 Rajasthan, Village Jambopani August 500 97 9-10 Madhya Pradesh 2007 Village October 250 122 9-10 Dawania Madhya 2007 Pradesh Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Village Energy Security Project – Villl.Jambupani, MP Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Gasifier system for rubber drying units •Block rubber units use electricity or diesel for drying the rubber •Gasifier system of 100 kg/h capacity intervention has been able to save conventional fuel (diesel) of the order of 30 l/h. •Economic benefit: with an initial investment of Rs 10 lakhs, the industry has been able to saves Rs 4000 per day which translate into payback of just only 250 days. Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Gasifier system for silk reeling oven Benefits of gasifier system • 57.3% wood saving • 3.6% renditta improvement • Rs. 20/kg premium for better quality • Annual monetary benefits Rs.2,25,000 • Payback 3 months • IRR 330% Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
Conclusions • High potential for biomass based decentralized applications to meet global Climate change challenge • Increased use of biomass energy are global & national priorities • Growing experience of modern biomass technologies such as biomass gasification has potential to penetrate in two segments: – Decentralized small scale biomass gasifier based power plant for rural areas – Biomass gasifier based thermal applications in SMiEs (Small and Micro Enterprises) Towards Low-Carbon Society: Japan Scenarios and Asian Challenge
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