3/23/2017 Driscoll’s Strawberry and Water Management Global Conference 2016 Irrigation Systems and Hydraulic Concepts Dr. Stuart W. Styles Outline • Introduction • Irrigation system performance – Distribution Uniformity – Irrigation Efficiency • Irrigation scheduling • Salinity management • Certification for Irrigators • Questions 1
3/23/2017 Irrigation Training and Research Center California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo ITRC Water Resources Facility 2
3/23/2017 Technical Areas Innovative research Irrigation district Pragmatic training modernization Cutting-edge technical support On-farm irrigation Supports Cal Poly BS and MS Water balances Automation/SCADA academic I&D programs Energy conservation Water conservation Flow Measurement Crop Water Consumption 3
3/23/2017 Location International – 5% International – 5% of ITRC Contracts California – 75% Other States – 20% Drip and Micro Irrigation Design and Management for Trees, Vines, and Field Crops Note: Practice plus Theory 5 th edition in 2016 4 th Edition – 2009 Charles M. Burt, Ph.D., P.E. Stuart W. Styles, D.E., P.E. Irrigation Training and Research Center (ITRC) BioResource and Agricultural Engineering (BRAE) Dept. California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) San Luis Obispo, California 93407-0730 0 0 ) ) epth (m epth (m -1 -1 Soil D Soil D -2 -2 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 Distance (m) Distance (m) 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 ECe color scale (dS/m) ECe color scale (dS/m) 4
3/23/2017 California Agricultural Irrigation Dealers examining drip filters Outline • Introduction • Irrigation system performance – Distribution Uniformity – Irrigation Efficiency • Irrigation scheduling • Salinity management • Certification for Irrigators • Questions 5
3/23/2017 Basic Irrigation Performance Distribution Uniformity (DU) •Measure of how uniformly the water is distributed throughout a field •Always less than 1.00 •Always a decimal value •0.80 is a typical DU DU POOR UNIFORMITY Depth of Water GOOD UNIFORMITY GOOD UNIFORMITY GOOD UNIFORMITY (NEVER PERFECT) (NEVER PERFECT) Depth of Depth of Depth of Depth of Depth of Water Water Water Water Water 6
3/23/2017 Basic Irrigation Performance Efficiency • Measure of water beneficially used in the root zone compared to the water applied • Always less than 100% • Always a percentage value • If perfect scheduling, then Efficiency = DU * 100 Efficiency Efficient Efficient Depth of Depth of Depth of Depth of Water Water Water Water Not Efficient Depth of Water Note: Uniformity is GOOD! 7
3/23/2017 Water Destination Diagram 0% 50% 100% 4% Losses 7.7 in 8.5 in Net Avg = Net/DU Gross DU = 0.90 Gross = Avg / (1 – Losses) = 8.9 in Water Destination Diagram 0% 50% 100% 4% Losses 7.7 in 15.4 in Net Avg = Net/DU Gross DU = 0.50 Gross = Avg / (1 – Losses) = 16.4 in 8
3/23/2017 Outline • Introduction • Irrigation system performance – Distribution Uniformity – Irrigation Efficiency • Irrigation scheduling • Salinity management • Certification for Irrigators • Questions ET Definitions • Transpiration: liquid movement of water from the soil, into the roots, up the plant stems, and finally out of the plant leaves into the air as vapor • Evaporation: conversion of liquid to vapor from the soil or plant surface--this water does not move through the plant • Evapotranspiration (ET): combination of evaporation and transpiration 9
3/23/2017 Water Potential: Force for water transport in plants To Atmosphere 50,000 cb Leaves 3,000 cb Transpiration Water moving out of the stomata as water vapor http://www.freelearningchannel.com/l/Content/Materials/Sciences/Bi ology/textbooks/OpenStax_College_Biology/html/ch30.html Roots 1,000 cb Soil 6 - 200 cb Osmotic Potential: Force for water transport in plants Semi-permeable membrane Roots 20 dS/m Osmotic Potential Soil 0.5 – 10 dS/m Pure Water Salty Water 10
3/23/2017 How water moves through a “wall” Osmotic Potential - Fresh water moves “INTO” the potato slice - Salty water moves “OUT OF” the potato slice 11
3/23/2017 Hourly Weather Data • Air temperature • Solar radiation • Soil temperature • Precipitation • Wind speed • Wind run • Dew point temperature • Relative humidity • Vapor Pressure Penman-Monteith Equation ( ) (e s – e a ) ∆ ( R n – G) ( ρ a )(c p ) + r a λ ET = ∆ + γ (1 + r s / r a ) Most important variable = Net Radiation 12
3/23/2017 Weather Station: We have ETo... How do we get ETc???? • Different plants/varieties transpire water a • Different plants/varieties transpire water a different rates different rates • Need the “kc” = Crop coefficient • Need the “kc” = Crop coefficient Crop Water Use - ETc basic equation… ETc = kc x ETo 13
3/23/2017 k Calculation: c Generalized Crop Curve 1.1 1 0.9 Evaporation Adjustment 0.8 Stress Adj. 0.7 K c K c 0.6 (Limited Soil Water) 0.5 0.4 K cb 0.3 0.2 Complete 0.1 Irrigation or Rain 0 Planting Emergence Rapid Growth Maturation Effective Full Cover Recommended ET o Zones • Zone 1 (Z1) – Oxnard CIMIS and FCGMA Etting Road Station • Zone 2 (Z2) – Camarillo CIMIS and FCGMA Camarillo Airport Station • Zone 3 (Z3) – Santa Paula CIMIS and FCGMA Moorpark Station 14
3/23/2017 Irrigation Allowance Annual Irrigation Allowance* (Inches) Oxnard (Z1) Camarillo (Z2) Santa Paula (Z3) Typical Dry Wet Typical Dry Wet Typical Dry Wet Crop Category Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Inches Avocado ‐ 20% Cover 22 25 21 25 28 23 28 30 25 Avocado ‐ 50% Cover 32 36 30 37 41 33 40 44 37 Avocado ‐ 70% Cover 44 49 42 50 56 48 54 61 52 Blueberries ‐ 50% Cover 32 33 31 36 37 35 39 41 38 Blueberries ‐ 70% Cover 44 46 42 49 52 47 54 57 52 Celery ‐ Fall 12 13 10 13 14 12 14 16 13 Celery ‐ Spring 20 21 18 23 24 20 25 26 22 Citrus ‐ 20% Cover 23 25 21 26 29 24 28 31 26 Citrus ‐ 50% Cover 31 32 28 35 36 32 38 40 35 Citrus ‐ 70% Cover 41 43 38 47 48 43 51 53 47 Lima Beans 12 13 12 14 15 14 15 16 15 Misc. Veg Greenhouse ‐ Fall 10 10 10 11 11 11 13 13 13 Misc. Veg Greenhouse ‐ Spr 16 16 16 18 18 18 20 20 20 Misc. Veg Greenhouse ‐ Summer 15 15 15 17 17 17 18 18 18 Misc. Veg Single Crop ‐ Fall 11 12 9 12 14 11 13 15 12 Misc. Veg Single Crop ‐ Spr 19 20 18 21 23 20 23 25 22 Misc. Veg Single Crop ‐ Summer 24 25 23 27 28 26 29 30 29 Nursery Container 53 56 51 60 64 58 66 69 63 Nursery ‐ Flowers 54 56 52 62 63 59 67 69 64 Raspberries ‐ Tunneled 54 54 54 61 61 61 67 67 67 Sod 48 51 47 54 57 53 59 63 58 Strawberries ‐ Main Season 29 30 29 33 33 32 36 37 35 Strawberries ‐ Summer 15 15 15 17 17 17 19 19 19 Tomatoes – Peppers (Summer) 27 27 26 31 31 30 34 34 32 *add 0.5 inches per frost event. Allowance Values Compared to Progressive Strawberry Grower Applied Water Values ETo Zone 1 Strawberry Water Application Comparison 45.0 Dry 40.0 Typical Wet 35.0 Applied Irrigation (Inches) 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Allowed Water Grower 1 Grower 2 Grower 3 Estimate 15
3/23/2017 Other Methods to Assess Evapotranspiration • METRIC – Using Satellite Images to directly compute instantaneous ETc • Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is an equation that takes into account the amount of infrared reflected by plants. Live green plants absorb solar radiation, which they use as a source of energy in the process of photosynthesis. 16
3/23/2017 Other Methods to Assess if Irrigation is Adequate • Soil Probe – checks for moisture depth Outline • Introduction • Irrigation system performance – Distribution Uniformity – Irrigation Efficiency • Irrigation scheduling • Salinity management • Certification for Irrigators • Questions 17
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3/23/2017 2008 Climate Change Conference Warmer temperatures Ref: CaDWR 19
3/23/2017 Sierra Snow Pack Dry Year Wet Year Less stored water 20
3/23/2017 New Runoff Ag Demand Changes in the timing of the runoff Solutions • More storage – Capture more rain and early runoff • Improve water delivery systems – Reduced spill – Better flexibility to growers – Better monitoring and measurement • Facilitate adoption of new technologies – Drip irrigation – Reduced Nitrogen-based fertilizer applications – Improve pumping operations with better efficiencies – Reduce conversions to diesel engines for irrigation pumps 21
3/23/2017 More stored water Current Storage: 4,493,000 af Add 6.5 ft = 290,000 af about $500M Add 102.5 ft = 3,920,000 af about $6B Why do strawberry growers use sprinklers on strawberries? Dana Wisehardt – General Manager United Water Conservation District 22
3/23/2017 United Water Conservation District Problem with Capacity - Hourly Demand on October 23, 2008 100 90 80 Production in CFS 70 Dry Year Flow Capacity 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Time of the Day Problems with Sprinklers: Irrigation Runoff 23
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