Counter Terrorism and CBRNE Protection 4 – 7 March 2014 Manila, Philippines The CB Terrorism Threat, Issues and Recommendations David Trudil USA 1
“…warfare seeks to conquer territories and capture cities; terrorism seeks to hurt a few people and to scare a lot of people in order to make a point” NYTimes, 1/6/2000 “Putting the horror in the minds of the audience, and not necessarily on the screen”
NHDetect Increase of WMD Incidents USA Since 1970 September 2001 March 1998 - Cesium-137 Attack on America June 1994 Sarin Oct - Nov 2001 Anthrax 7 Dead, 200 Injured 5 Dead 1992 Cyanide 2003 Ricin Get Pat Smoak’s Chart Jan 2004 Ricin April 1990 Botulinum Toxin Feb 2004 Ricin 80 85 90 95 00 05 Sept 2006 Hoax March 1995 Ricin February 1997 Chlorine 1984 March 1995 Sarin 2010 Hoax Sing Botulinum 14 Injured, 13 Dead, 5500 Affected 500 Evacuated 1984 April 1995 Sarin 2011 Ricin Salmonella April 1997 U235 April-June 1995 751 Injured 2012 Ricin & Anthrax Cyanide, Phosgene June 1996 - Uranium 1985 May 1995 Plague Cyanide 2013 Ricin & Hoax December 1995 Ricin November 1995 - Cesium WMD Installation Preparedness Version 1 - 07/04 3
Threat Natural or Man-Made MERS in Saudi Arabia S. Suis China 4
Infectious Disease & More MERS 5
The rapid spread of SARS 2003 • Started at the Metropole Hotel in Hong Kong & Guangdong province • Toronto, Hanoi, Singapore, Taiwan • The WHO had estimated the worldwide cost of the SARS outbreak to be $30 billion • Within 3 months more than 7000 probable cases, with 623 deaths , reported from 28 countries Source: http://www.who.int/features/2003/07/en
Middle Eastern Virus More Widespread Than Thought Science 28 February 2014 “MERS has sickened 183 people and killed 80, most of them in Saudi Arabia … They found that a large percentage of camels in the Middle East have antibodies against MERS in their blood” … BATS have been implicated in the transmission to camels and thus there may be other reservoirs of the virus … “The more human cases there are, the higher the risk that the virus will one day learn how to become easily transmissible between people, which could set off a pandemic” 8
Be prepared for all threats 9
2013 in Review MDR-TB MRSA H7N9 Flu Salmonella MERS 10
U.S. launches new global initiative to prevent infectious disease threats February 12, 2014 “to prevent, detect and respond to infectious - disease threats where they start” “There is a greater risk than ever from new infectious diseases, drug -resistant infections and potential bioterrorism organisms … … U.S. government agencies operate many programs related to infectious diseases. But the new effort is the most- comprehensive so far” Headed by HHS and working with DOD and DHS,…”The new initiative is intended to bolster security at infectious-disease laboratories, strengthen immunization programs and set up emergency- response centers that can react to outbreaks within two hours” 11
US Foreign Policy Actions re Biothreat "No foreign invasion from hostile fleets, could possibly work such widespread violence to the general welfare or more tremendously disturb our domestic tranquillity than foreign invasions from pestilence." Joseph Holt, director of Louisiana's board of health, expressed his militaristic view of disease control in a publication named "The Pestilential Foreign Invasion.” On occasion, a disease outbreak has even provided a pretext for U.S. military action. After a yellow fever outbreak in 1897, hawks of that day cited the disease as a reason to invade Cuba. The Spanish- American War was sold in part as a way to wipe out the epidemic at its source. In the early 1900s, disease control continued to be an essential part of our military operations, notably in the Panama Canal and the Philippines.
History Of Bio Warfare • Medieval Time Scythian archers dipped arrow heads in manure and rotting corpses to increase the deadliness of weapons • 1346 Crimean peninsula, Black Sea and Italy -catapults to hurl the plague-infested bodies • 1518 Latin America smallpox by Spanish • 1710 war between Russia and Sweden Russian troops used the cadavers of plague victims • 1767 English general, Sir Jeffery Amherst blankets infected with smallpox to Indians who are helping the French defend Fort Carillon. • 1930s & 1940s Japan Fleas infected with plague in China and Manchuria
NHDetec nn Why Would Terrorists Use WMD? t USA • WMD Materials are relatively accessible • Requires only small quantities • Difficult to recognize • Easily spread over large areas • Strong psychological impact • Overwhelms resources 14 WMD Installation Preparedness Version 1 - 07/04
Crude (Bio) weapons could be developed with approximately $10,000 worth of equipment. A laboratory sufficient to grow and harvest the bacteria and to dry down the material to powdered form could fit into the average sized household basement . (testimony US Congress) A report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, entitled The Economic Impact of a Bioterrorist Attack , estimated the costs of dealing with an anthrax incident at a minimum of US$26 billion per 100,000 people. 15
Threats “Agents” First Tier: Agents Second Tier: Agents Cholera Anthrax CCHF Brucella Cryptosporidium Ebola-Marburg Encephalitis virus Dengue Fever Glanders Escherichia coli Hantaan Plague Influenza Q Fever RFV Smallpox Salmonella Tularemia Typhus Shigella 16
Category A Agents • Pose a threat to national security because they: • can be easily disseminated or transmitted person-to- person • cause high mortality with potential for major public health impact • might cause public panic and social disruption • require special action for public health preparedness
Bacteria - Anthrax Anthrax Incubation period 1 to 6 days Contagious NO , Signs and Chills, fever, nausea, Symptoms swollen lymph nodes Standard Protection Precautions Antibiotics and Treatment vaccines Spore will remain dormant for decades
Why terrorists would choose to employ anthrax as a bioterrorism agent • Natural occurring disease – spores found in nature • Bacteria are easy to grow. • Anthrax spores survive for decades and are well suited for aerosol delivery in attack One megaton 6.5 kilograms of 160 metric tons of a = = nuclear device Anthrax chemical agent 19
Types of Anthrax Disease • Cutaneous anthrax – Infection caused by skin contact with live infected animals, or their hide, hair or bone – 20% mortality rate if not treated • Gastrointestinal anthrax – Infection caused by eating undercooked or raw infected meat – 25-60% mortality rate • Inhalational anthrax – Infection caused by breathing in airborne spores – ~90% mortality rate without treatment Image courtesy of: Dr P.S. Brachman, Public Health Image Library CDC, Atlanta, Ga. 20
ANTHRAX History 1500 BC Egypt (70-19BC Virgil) 5th and 6th biblical plagues as well as the "burning plague" described in Homer's Iliad as anthrax . Virgil (70-19 BC) provided one of the earliest and most detailed descriptions of an anthrax epidemic in his Georgics. 600 BC – Middle Ages & beyond- Military use Polluting wells and other sources of water of the opposing army was a common strategy that continued to be used through the many wars. 1700’s – 1800’s Anthrax was a widespread disease throughout Europe . In 1769 Jean Fournier classified the disease as anthrax or charbon malin,… black lesions characteristic of cutaneous anthrax.. In 1876, Robert Koch, a Prussian physician, isolated the anthrax bacillus and recorded that the bacillus could form spores which remained viable for long periods of time in hostile environments. John Bell linked anthrax with " woolsorter disease " and developed a procedure to disinfect wool. 21
During World War I, German agents were sent to five neutral countries (Romania, Spain, Norway, the United States and Argentina) with instructions to infect animal shipments sent to the Allies . Targeted animals included sheep, cattle, horses, mules, and, in Norway, reindeer. Animals were infected either by having anthrax injected directly into their blood or by being fed sugar laced with anthrax. In the inter-war period , attention shifted to human anthrax the United States, experimented with anthrax during the 1930s and 1940s . In the late 1930s, the Japanese Imperial Army performed covert experiments on anthrax and began deploying biological weapons in Manchuria . Hitler had forbidden biological weapons research; however, the Nazis did conduct anthrax and biological weapons research at a small secret facility in Poland . Japan conducted biological weapons research from approximately 1932 until the end of World War II . The program was under the direction of Shiro Ishii (1932 – 1942) and Kitano Misaji (1942 – 1945). Several military units existed for research and development of biological warfare. The center of the Japanese biowarfare program was known as “ Unit 731 ” and was located in Manchuria near the town of Pingfan ( 1). The Japanese program consisted of more than 150 buildings in Pingfan, 5 satellite camps, and a staff of more than 3000 scientists. More than 10,000 prisoners died as a result of experiments. Anthrax and plague where among the BW agents developed. 22
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