Com puter Perspective Em bedded Information Technology System s � “A computer that doesn’t look like a computer” Jakob Engblom, PhD � Interacts with world Business Development Manager, � Primitive or no user interface Virtutech AB � Part of other products Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Electronics Perspective Dom inant Species Information Technology Information Technology � A product that contains � Embedded = most processors! a programmable � 300 million PC and server processor � 9000 million embedded � Software programming is part of the design of the product "Embedded" 98% "Desktop" 2% Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se
Real-Tim e System s Em bedded System s Information Technology Information Technology � Embedded and Real-Time � Single purpose products � Synonymous? � Not general purpose like desktop PCs � Most embedded � Do one thing very efficiently embedded embedded systems are � Computer architecture real-time embedded embedded � Tailor for a particular application niche � Most real-time real- real -time time � System applications known systems are � Can select ”optimal” device embedded real- real -time time � Specialization & workload knowledge! Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Em bedded System s Processors Information Technology Information Technology � Software very important: � 4-bit: � Gives character to product � Very simple & slow � Used to differentiate inside a “platform” � 1970s pocket calculators � Can be changed late � 8-bit: � Many vendors use same HW � Simple, slow, low-power � Processor cheaper than special HW � Immensely popular (4 G/ year) � Replace relays with small processor! � Early 1980s � Dominates HW development cost home computers Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se
Processors Processors Information Technology Information Technology � 16-bit � 32 & 64-bit � More power than 8-bit � Old desktop & server chips � Mid-1980s home � New desktop & server chips computers � Embedded-specific designs � Very popular: 1.5G/ year � 30 to 3000 MHz � Threatened from the 32-bit processors � At least 2G units/ year � Many more than PC & server market � ARM will sell 1.5G units in 2005! � Best-selling 32-bit family ever Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Processors W here is the Money? Information Technology Information Technology � DSP: Digital Signal Processor � Processors: 100% � 50% of all DSP DSP 90% � Specialized for signal processing 4-bit semiconductor revenue 4-bit 80% 8-bit � Explains why everyone � Poor at general computing/ control code wants to do processors 70% 16-bit � Poor interrupt handling � 32-bit dominant 60% � 30% of total � High performance on DSP tasks 50% 8-bit semiconductors 40% � Low power, Low price � PC processors: 32-bit 30% • compared to regular processors of same � 50% of CPU revenue 20% capability � 15% of total 16-bit 10% semiconductors � Up to 1GHz clocks 32-bit � AMD and Intel share it 0% Units Money Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se
I ntegration Devices: I / O Information Technology Information Technology RAM � Interface with the world � A single chip: (small) ROM � Digital inputs & outputs � CPU Core (big) CPU Core � 0/ 1 signals, like alarms & interrupts � Integrated memory � Drive high/ low outputs � Integrated peripherals UART LCD D Timer A/D � Analog inputs & outputs � Integrated services � Analog/ Digital conversion Outside World � Goal: � Digital/ Analog conversion � No external HW � Make signals digital, process, convert back to analog signals � Fit application “perfectly” � “System on a chip” (SoC) Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Devices: Com m unication Devices: Tim ers Information Technology Information Technology � Communications � Timers � Networks � Trigger interrupts � High-end: Ethernet, ATM, Sonet � Keep track of real-world � Control: CAN, Profibus, 1553, SpaceWire � Fuel injection & spark timing • Built for predictability & efficiency & reliability � Radio networks � Pulse-Width Modulation � WLAN, Zigbee, Bluetooth, DECT, GSM, ... � Watchdogs � Serial ports � Time out if not tickled � USB, FireWire � Storage � Watch that a system is alive � PCMCIA, IDE, SD-Card, etc. Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se
Devices: Others Trends Information Technology Information Technology � Graphics � Software dominates development � LCD drivers � Hardware used to dominate � Graphics acceleration � Software is now up to 85% of effort � Camera drivers � Even when product is “full custom” � Video & image codecs in hardware � Especially in telecomm & datacomm � Buses � Hardware is “under control” � On-chip between devices: � AMBA, OcEAN, CoreConnect � Increasing use of standard components � Off-chip: � Functionality moves to software � PCI, HyperTransport, RapidIO, i2c, DDR Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Trends Trends Information Technology Information Technology � Non-stop miniaturization and � Talk by Lars Philipsson, LTH, 2004 integration of computers � What is the future of electrical � From one processor in a fridge engineering in Sweden? � To thousands of processors on a chip � Answer: � Steady trend over time � Software work � One chip = one system � Software replacing logic design � Processors, memories, electronics � Some analog design work � Can be 100s of processors � Circuit-board design, high-speed circuits � “SoC”: System-on-a-Chip � Measuring technology Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se
Trends Information Technology � 32-bit processors squeezing 16-bit Exam ples � ARM Cortex-M3, TriCore � Cost more competitive over time Some embedded � Easier to program, faster execution, systems from larger programs & data sets real life � Multicore & multithreading � Increased performance, lower power � High-end first � Huge software problem! Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Sm art Beer Glass Sm art Beer Glass Information Technology Information Technology Capacitive sensor Capacitive sensor � Typical embedded solution for fluid level for fluid level � Integrates several technologies: 8-bit, 8-pin 8-bit, 8-pin PIC processor PIC processor � Radio transmissions Contactless Contactless � Sensor technology transmission of transmission of Inductive coil for RF Inductive coil for RF power and power and ID activation & power � Magnetic inductance for power ID activation & power readings readings � Computer used for calibration CPU and reading coil in the � Impossible without the computer table. Reports the level of fluid in the glass, alerts servers when � Meaningless without the electronics close to empty Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se
Pedom eter Sm art W elding Machine Information Technology Information Technology � Obvious computer work: � Electronics control voltage & speed of wire feed � Count steps � Keep time � Adjusts to operator � Averages � kHz sample rate � etc. � 1000s of decisions/ second � Real computer task: � Perfect weld even for � Sensor feels motion of quite clumsy operators device, not of user feet � Easier-to-use product, but � Identify when a step is 8-bit processor, 8-bit processor, no obvious computer actually taken runs forever on runs forever on a single battery a single battery Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Sew ing Machine Mobile Phones Information Technology Information Technology � Multiprocessor � User interface � 8/ 16/ 32-bit for UI � Embroidery patterns � DSP for radio � 32-bit ARM in IR port � Touch-screen control � 32-bit ARM in Bluetooth � ”Smart” � 10-200 MHz main CPU � Local memories � Sets pressure of foot � 8-100 MB of memory depending on task � + 100s MB for media � Raise foot when stopped � Custom chips � New functions added by � Power consumption & battery life depends upgrading the software on software Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se Department of I nformation Technology | www.it.uu.se
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