4/29/2018 The ionic compound formed between calcium and phosphorous is used to make incendiary bombs and also as a rodenticide. What is the expected formula for this compound? A. CaP B. CaP 2 What is the name of C. Ca 2 P this compound? D. Ca 2 P 3 E. Ca 3 P 2 What is the name of the compound PCl 3 ? A. phosphorus chloride B. phosphorus(III) chloride C. phosphorus trichloride D. monophosphorus trichloride E. phosphorus(III) trichloride 28
4/29/2018 What is the name of the compound PCl 3 ? A. phosphorus chloride B. phosphorus(III) chloride C. phosphorus trichloride D. monophosphorus trichloride E. phosphorus(III) trichloride What is the name of the compound Fe(NO 2 ) 3 ? A. iron trinitrite B. iron(II) nitrite C. iron(III) nitrite D. iron trinitrate E. iron(III) nitrate 29
4/29/2018 What is the name of the compound Fe(NO 2 ) 3 ? A. iron trinitrite B. iron(II) nitrite C. iron(III) nitrite D. iron trinitrate E. iron(III) nitrate 30
CHM 1045 Spring 2018 Unit II In Section 4.1 we learned how to balance this reaction: Pb(NO 3 ) 2 ( aq ) + KI( aq ) PbI 2 ( s ) + KNO 3 ( aq ) 1
In Section 4.2, we learn how to balance this reaction: Pb(NO 3 ) 2 ( aq ) + KI( aq ) In Chapter 4, we learn how to balance this reaction: Pb(NO 3 ) 2 ( aq ) + KI( aq ) 2
The following guidelines are used to assign oxidation numbers to each element in a molecule or ion. 1. The oxidation number of an atom in an elemental substance is zero. 2. The oxidation number of a monatomic ion is equal to the ion’s charge. 3. Oxidation numbers for common nonmetals are usually assigned as follows: • Hydrogen: +1 when combined with nonmetals, −1 when combined with metals • Oxygen: −2 in most compounds, sometimes −1 (so-called peroxides, O 2 2− ), very rarely − 1 / 2 (so-called superoxides, O 2 − ), positive values when combined with F (values vary) • Halogens: −1 for F always, −1 for other halogens except when combined with oxygen or other halogens (positive oxidation numbers in these cases, varying values) 4. The sum of oxidation numbers for all atoms in a molecule or polyatomic ion equals the charge on the molecule or ion. page 188 3
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American Medical Association Guidelines starts at g ethanol__ 100 mL blood impaired 0.04 illegal (DUI) 0.08 intoxicated (drunk) 0.16 0.4 lethal 5
0.0485 mol CH CH OH 46.07 g CH CH OH 1000 mL 3 2 3 2 x x L mol CH CH OH 1 L 3 2 x 100 mL plasma = 0.223 g ethanol per 100 mL blood plasma 6
http://www.breathalyzerforsale.net/bactrack-element.html 7
The Blindside , 2009 8
Minor facts were changed. The Tuohy’s daughter, Collins, actually pole vaulted instead of playing volleyball. She was the same grade as Michael. The car accident was on a different street. But the scene where Michael Oher stops an air bag from hitting their son wasn’t embellished. "That’s 100 percent accurate,” Sean said. "The car behind them was someone from the basketball team. Someone witnessed that. The overall theme and concept was dead on, more accurate than Hollywood usually does.” Read more: http://newsok.com/sean-tuohy-stunned-by- fame/article/3424145#ixzz28hZWEOrU Chapter 9 – Gases Pressure The Ideal Gas Law Kinetic- Non-ideal and Named Molecular Gases Gas Laws Physics PV = nRT 9
Steel “Atmosphere Bar” 3 14.7 lb 453.6 g 1 cm 3 1 in 1 lb 7.85 g 2.54 cm 1 in 2 51.8 in 4 ft, 3.8 in Aluminum 12 ft, 6.6 in Lead 3 ft Osmium 1.5 ft ($670,000) 10
h = 24.0 cm, so the pressure of the gas is... Given that the atmospheric pressure is 753 mmHg and h = 14.1 cm, the pressure of the gas is... 11
Recall... 0 K Otto von Guericke 1602-1686 Teams of horses cannot pull apart pull apart “vacuum- filled” copper spheres in Magdeburg demonstration for Emperor Ferdinand III in 1654. 12
Automobile tires at 35 psi are really at 35 psi-g (psi “gauge”). The absolute pressure would be 35 + 15 = 50 psi. A vacuum is 14.7 psi-g. 0 psi-g “gauge pressure” is actually 14.7 psi 13
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. PV = nRT P P P nR nR 1 2 assuming V is constant => = => = = T V T V T 1 2 P P P P 1 2 i f So = or = T i = 23 o C + 273.15 = 296 K T T T T 1 2 i f T f = 9 o C + 273.15 = 282 K Rearranging this expression, the final pressure at halftime would be P T 27.2 psi x 282 K i f P = = = 25.9 psi f T 296 K i 25.9 psi (absolute) - 14.7 = 11.2 psi-g Below the 12.5 - 13.5 “psi” required by the NFL, but not 2 psi below the minimum allowed pressure 16
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The pressure on a diver increases by 100 kPa (1.00 atm) for every 10 m the diver descends. For dives deeper than 66 m the gas mixture should contain less than 21% oxygen to avoid the risk of acute oxygen toxicity. The general rule is to try to achieve a gas mixture giving an Fio2 of about 140 kPa. At 130 m depth in the northern sector of the North Sea oil field, the ambient pressure is 1400 kPa, so the breathing mixture used contains 10% oxygen. On the deepest working dives, at depths greater than 600 m, ambient pressure is greater than 6100 kPa and the divers breathe gas mixtures containing about 2% oxygen to avoid acute oxygen toxicity. A lung full of gas containing 2% oxygen at 600 m contains about six times as many molecules of oxygen as a lung full of air at sea level. On deep dives the composition of the gas breathed is changed several times during descent and ascent. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1114047/ 600 m => 6100 kP => 60 atm! 60 x (2%/100%) => P(O2) = 1.2 atm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_pressure#In_medicine 18
http://slideplayer.com/slide/4772848 / 19
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A gaseous compound is 30.4% nitrogen and 69.6% oxygen by mass. A 5.25-g sample of the gas occupies a volume of 1.00 L and exerts a pressure of 1.26 atm at 4.0 ° C. What is the molecular formula of this compound? A gaseous compound is 30.4% nitrogen and 69.6% oxygen by mass. A 5.25-g sample of the gas occupies a volume of 1.00 L and exerts a pressure of 1.26 atm at 4.0 ° C. What is the molecular formula of this compound? A. NO 2 B. N 2 O 4 C. N 3 O 6 D. N 4 O 8 21
An ideal gas is trapped in a flexible container – perhaps a massless, frictionless piston. The pressure is increased by a factor of two and the temperature is decreased by a factor of two. The volume will… A. quadruple. B. double. C. remain the same. D. decrease to 1/2 original. E. decrease to 1/4 original. 2NaN 3 ( s ) 2Na( s ) + 3N 2 ( g ) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzC_QqKhTQg 22
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http://www.ncert.nic.in/html/learning_basket/energy10class/combustion%20engine1.htm http://www.ncert.nic.in/html/learning_basket/energy10class/combustion%20engine1.htm 24
How many servings of CoolWhip in an 8 oz container? A. less than 10 B. between 10 and 20 C. between 20 and 30 D. between 30 and 40 E. greater then 40 fuel + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O chemical energy (fuel) you add energy you release (light, heat, motion) 25
How much does it cost to drive from FSU (Tallahassee) to UF (Gainesville)? 1 gal $3.50 = $42 2 150 mi 25 mi 1 ga l .... 1 gal 2 150 mi 2 5 mi 26
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fuel + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O chemical energy (fuel) you add energy you release (light, heat, motion) food + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O chemical energy (food) you add energy you release (heat, to maintain body temperature; motion, to do work) 28
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We use stored energy from food at a rate ranging from about 1 Cal/min (basal metabolic rate) to about 15 Cal/min. 31
Assumptions: No exercise beyond the normal activity to burn 2000 Calories per day. No food. Get energy from glycogen until gone, then burn fat after that. http://www.uic.edu/classes/phar/phar332/Clinical_Cases/carbo%20metab%20cases/ glycogen%20metab/Glycogen%20biochemistry.htm 32
Assuming an energy need of 2000 Cal/day and no food (!) during this time: 2000 Cal/day (1 g/9 Cal) (1 lb/453.6 g) 0.4899 lb/day So, max weight loss in 20 days is 1 lb (1 st day, glycogen) + 19 day(0.5 lb/day) = 10.5 lb ! 33
2:1 H 2 O 2 H 2 +O 2 Which balloon contains the most molecules? A. the H 2 balloon B. the O 2 balloon C. the H 2 /O 2 balloon D. they all contain the same number of molecules 34
2:1 H 2 O 2 H 2 +O 2 Which balloon is the heaviest? A. the H 2 balloon B. the O 2 balloon C. the H 2 /O 2 balloon D. all three balloons are equally heavy 2:1 H 2 O 2 H 2 +O 2 Which balloon is the densest? A. the H 2 balloon B. the O 2 balloon C. the H 2 /O 2 balloon D. all three balloons are equally dense 35
2:1 H 2 O 2 H 2 +O 2 Which balloon released the most energy? A. the H 2 balloon B. the O 2 balloon C. the H 2 /O 2 balloon 36
CHM 1045 Spring 2018 Unit III http://www.uic.edu/classes/phar/phar332/Clinical_Cases/carbo%20metab%20cases/ glycogen%20metab/Glycogen%20biochemistry.htm 1
NH 4 NO 3 ( s ) NH 4 ( aq ) + ( aq ) + NO 3 http://www.uic.edu/classes/phar/phar332/Clinical_Cases/carbo%20metab%20cases/ glycogen%20metab/Glycogen%20biochemistry.htm 2
H O O O Oil of wintergreen contains methyl salicylate which has anti-inflammatory properties and is closely Wintergreen related to the well-known medication aspirin aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) 3
Bob Holton Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida State University Total Synthesis – Synthesis of a “natural product” from all non-natural (i.e. not biological in origin) starting materials; yields often very low. So why do it? It’s hard; it’s a race ( i.e. there is a winner); the synthetic procedure you develop to solve this problem can then be applied to other desired compounds; the students who do this work go on to solve other important problems. “Semi”-synthesis – Synthesis of a “natural product” starting with a readily available natural product of lesser complexity; hence much higher yields. Why do it? More people get the drug; oh yes..... $$$$$$$ 4
Holton started with 10- Deacetylbaccatin III (or 10- DAB), a natural compound found in abundance in the needles of the English yew, a common European shrub. Attaching a 34 atom ester side-chain at a particular site, plus a few other steps, produced significant amounts of Taxol. 5
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Dual particle- Quantum Quantum Orbitals wave nature (wave) numbers (shapes and of matter mechanics (n, l, m l ) energies) Retrosynthesis Electro- magnetic radiation of Atomic Orbitals Waves Why are fire trucks red? 7
Why are fire trucks red? A. Red paint is the cheapest. B. People like red the most. C. Red paint is easiest to see. In the early 1970s, Ward LaFrance created what was probably the most controversial issue ever to hit the apparatus field. By aggressively marketing a new color for fire apparatus, lime green, as being more visible and therefore safer, a wedge was driven into the fire service. Traditionalists stood behind the old standard red, while "progressive" fire service personnel preached the advantages of the new color. 8
At one point, there were actually more apparatus being delivered in the new color than the traditional red. Many fire departments, both large and small, switched to the new color. http://www.firehouse.com/magazine/american/apparatus.html For years, fire trucks have been painted red, hence the name “fire-truck red.” But several years ago it was discovered that this red hue is hard to see at dawn and dusk when there is little light. Today, yellow-green is used for fire trucks and hydrants because it can be seen from farthest awar, regardless of the light and time of day. Years from now when school children ask what color fire trucks are, they will answer “yellow-green.” Contemporary Color Theory and Use: Theory and Use Steven Bleicher, Cengage Learning, 2004; page 42 9
FSU vs. NCSU game October 6, 2007 http://acept.asu.edu/PiN/rdg/rainbow/secondary.shtml 10
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= wavelength 1 = frequency c = speed of light c = 1/ 12
http://www.smc.edu/AcademicPrograms/PhysicalSciences/Documents/ Chemistry_11_Experiments/Mn_Lab.pdf ROY G. BIV 13
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= wavelength 1 = frequency c = speed of light c = 1/ ========================================= blackbody radiation, photoelectric effect E = E photon = h http://webvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/spectra.jpeg 15
http://www.amastro2.org/at/ot/othcs.gif near-IR 16
Why are fire trucks red? A. Red paint is the cheapest. B. People like red the most. C. Red paint is easiest to see. Many fire departments, both large and small, switched to the new color. But after about a decade, departments began to switch back to red. Many apparatus were repainted. Virtually every large department that had gone to the new color returned to red. Currently, few new apparatus are being delivered that are painted lime green. http://www.firehouse.com/magazine/american/apparatus.html 17
processes excite/remove rotate involving the valence and molecules nucleus bonding electrons processes vibrate bonds involving core between atoms electrons “the size of the wave matches the size of the antenna” 20 cm = 0.020 m 18
What wavelength of light would be required to break a carbon-chlorine bond? 19
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X-rays diffracted off electrons diffracted off aluminum foil aluminum foil 21
1 wavelength 22
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= h/(mv) De Broglie wavelength everything has a wavelength, but it only becomes important at very low masses (electrons, atoms) or very low speeds 24
Deion “Primetime” Sanders – sports analyst, recording artist, professional athlete in two sports, and star FSU athlete in three sports – ran a 4.27 second 40-yard dash in 1989, within 0.15 s of the current world record. Determine Deion Sanders’ wavelength when he ran the 40-yard dash in 4.27 s. (Note: 1 J = 1 kg∙m 2 /s 2 ) = h/(mv) De Broglie wavelength everything has a wavelength, but it only becomes important at very low masses (electrons, atoms) or very low speeds Heisenberg uncertainty principle x p ≥ h/(4 ) 1. we cannot know anything with perfect accuracy; i.e. no determinism 2. the very act of measuring something changes the thing we were measuring; i.e. there are no innocent measurements – we are tied to what we observe 3. at the atomic level, the universe is Bizarro World http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfPeprQ7oGc 25
n principal quantum number n can have values 1, 2, … gives info about energy and distance from nucleus l orbital angular momentum quantum number l can have values 0 (s), 1 (p), 2 (d), 3 (f), .... n-1 gives information about shape s orbital p orbitals d orbitals m l magnetic quantum number m l can have the values ( l ) , ( l ) +1, ... 0, 1 ..., l 1, l gives the number of “orbitals” (2 l + 1) for that l value 26
E n = -h 2 /(8 2 m e a o 2 n 2 ) = -2.18 x 10 -18 J/n 2 n = ∞ E ∞ = 0 J … … E 3 = -2.42 x 10 -19 J n = 3 E 2 = -5.45 x 10 -19 J Energy n = 2 E 1 = -2.18 x 10 -18 J n = 1 How many n = 4 orbitals are possible for an atom? A. 4 B. 8 one 4s orbital three 4p orbitals C. 16 five 4d orbitals seven 4f orbitals D. 32 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16 orbitals E. 27
How many l = 2 orbitals (i.e. d orbitals) are possible for an atom? A. 0 five 3d orbitals B. 1 five 4d orbitals five 5d orbitals C. 3 five 100d orbitals D. 5 etc... E. How many 2d orbitals are possible for an atom? A. 0 d => l = 2 => n may be 3, 4, ... B. 1 So there are no 2d orbitals C. 3 D. 5 E. 28
How many 3d orbitals are possible for an atom? A. 0 B. 1 C. 3 D. 5 E. How many 4f orbitals are possible for an atom? A. 5 B. 7 C. 10 D. 12 E. 14 29
1 e system multi-electron ( 2 e ) system (H, He + , Li 2+ …) 30
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The rest of the story, according to Stern: Physics Today , December 2003 32
CHM 1045 Spring 2018 Unit IV Which one of these atoms is the smallest? A. P B. Cl C. Sb D. I 1
Which one of these atoms has the greatest ionization energy? In other words, which one is hardest to ionize? A. P B. Cl C. Sb D. I 2
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