Building Chips Chips are made of silicon Aka sand The most - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Building Chips • Chips are made of silicon – Aka “sand” – The most adundant element in the earth’s crust. – Extremely pure (<1 part per billion) – This is the purest stuff people make

Building Chips • Silicon wafers

Building Chips • Photolithography – To Build a Wire (abridged and simplified) Silicon Wafer

Building Chips • Photolithography – To Build a Wire (abridged and simplified) SiO2 Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Grow silicon dioxide

Building Chips • Photolithography – To Build a Wire (abridged and simplified) Resist SiO2 SiO2 Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Grow silicon dioxide Apply photo resist

Building Chips • Photolithography – To Build a Wire (abridged and simplified) Mask Mask Resist Resist SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Grow silicon dioxide Apply photo resist Expose to UV

Building Chips • Photolithography – To Build a Wire (abridged and simplified) Mask Mask Resist Resist SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Grow silicon dioxide Apply photo resist Expose to UV SiO2 Silicon Wafer Patterned resist

Building Chips • Photolithography – To Build a Wire (abridged and simplified) Mask Mask Resist Resist SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Grow silicon dioxide Apply photo resist Expose to UV SiO2 Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Patterned resist Etch SiO2

Building Chips • Photolithography – To Build a Wire (abridged and simplified) Mask Mask Resist Resist SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Grow silicon dioxide Apply photo resist Expose to UV SiO2 Met Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Patterned resist Deposit metal Etch SiO2

Building Chips • Photolithography – To Build a Wire (abridged and simplified) Mask Mask Resist Resist SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Grow silicon dioxide Apply photo resist Expose to UV SiO2 Met Met Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer Etch SiO2 Patterned resist Deposit metal Etch SiO2 (Or not)

From Transistors to Processors • How do we use transistors and wires to compute? – Data representation • What physical quantity should represent a 1 or a 0? • In an electrical system, voltage and current are likely suspects (electron spin, optical polarization, or volumes of water are also possible). – Computation • What do we need to do computation? • Transistors are effectively voltage-controlled switches. • Can we perform arbitrary computations with transistors? • A system of arranging components (e.g. transistors and wires) to perform arbitrary logical operations is a “logic family” – CMOS, Domino logic, current-mode logic, etc.

CMOS Logic • Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor – Logic family (an abstraction!) Current Current 0 Gate V 0 Gate V PMOS NMOS metal oxide semiconductor

CMOS Logic • Complimentary MOS 1.8V -- Logic One 1 1 A = 0 Q = 1 A = 1 Q = 0 0 0 0V -- Logic Zero

CMOS Logic • Complimentary MOS 1.8V -- Logic One 1 1 Pull-up network A = 0 Q = 1 A = 1 Q = 0 Pull-down network 0 0 0V -- Logic Zero

CMOS Logic

CMOS Logic