Brackishwater Culture of Tilapia Culture of Tilapia Brackishwater in the Philippines: An Assessment in the Philippines: An Assessment Rafael D. Guerrero III Rafael D. Guerrero III Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development Research and Development Los Baños Baños, Laguna 4030 , Laguna 4030 Los Luzviminda A. Guerrero A. Guerrero Luzviminda Aquatic Biosystems Biosystems Aquatic Bay, Laguna 4030 Bay, Laguna 4030
Outline Outline ! Introduction ! Introduction ! Assessment of Research and Field ! Assessment of Research and Field Trials on: Trials on: ! ! Oreochromis mossambicus mossambicus Oreochromis ! ! O. niloticus niloticus O. ! ! Red Tilapia Red Tilapia ! ! O. mossambicus mossambicus x O. x O. hornorum hornorum O. ! ! O. mossambicus mossambicus x O. x O. niloticus niloticus O. ! ! Use of tilapia for “green water” Use of tilapia for “green water” ! Constraints to Further Development ! Constraints to Further Development ! Recommendations ! Recommendations
Introduction Introduction ! Tilapia Production in the Philippines ! Tilapia Production in the Philippines ! ! Tilapia is second most important cultured fish Tilapia is second most important cultured fish next to milkfish. next to milkfish. ! ! Total tilapia production from aquaculture in Total tilapia production from aquaculture in 2002 was 122,315 mt mt. . 2002 was 122,315 " 93% from freshwater ponds and cages " 93% from freshwater ponds and cages " 7% from " 7% from brackishwater brackishwater ponds ponds
Introduction Introduction ! Brackishwater ! Brackishwater Pond Production in the Pond Production in the Philippines (2002) Philippines (2002) ! ! Milkfish - 79.5% Milkfish - 79.5% ! ! Shrimp - 15.2 Shrimp - 15.2 ! ! Tilapia - 3.3 Tilapia - 3.3 ! ! Other Species - - 2.0 Other Species 2.0
Introduction Introduction ! Tilapia production in ! Tilapia production in brackishwater brackishwater ponds ponds increased by 172% from 1996 to 2002. increased by 172% from 1996 to 2002. ! Tilapia Species Cultured in ! Tilapia Species Cultured in Brackishwater Brackishwater ! ! Oreochromis mossambicus mossambicus (1960s) (1960s) Oreochromis ! ! O. niloticus niloticus (1970s) (1970s) O. ! ! Red Tilapia (1970s) Red Tilapia (1970s) ! ! O. hornorum hornorum (1990s) (1990s) O. ! ! O. spirulus spirulus (1990s) (1990s) O.
Assessment of Research and Field Trials Assessment of Research and Field Trials 1960s 1960s ! Mozambique tilapia ! Mozambique tilapia introduced for freshwater introduced for freshwater backyard culture escaped backyard culture escaped into natural waters and into natural waters and become established in become established in estuaries. estuaries. ! O. ! O. mossambicus mossambicus became a became a “pest” by competing with “pest” by competing with milkfish in brackiswater brackiswater milkfish in ponds. ponds.
Assessment of Research and Field Trials Assessment of Research and Field Trials 1970s 1970s ! Research on ! Research on O. O. mossambicus mossambicus as a cultured foodfish foodfish in 1975 at in 1975 at as a cultured the Brackishwater Brackishwater Aquaculture Aquaculture the Center of the University of the Center of the University of the Philippines in the Visayas Visayas with with Philippines in the the “fuel crisis” and “marine fish the “fuel crisis” and “marine fish shortage” shortage” ! Studies on monoculture of ! Studies on monoculture of tilapias ( O. O. mossambicus mossambicus, O. , O. tilapias ( niloticus and red tilapia) with and red tilapia) with niloticus pond fertilization and feeding pond fertilization and feeding conducted conducted ! Studies on breeding of tilapia in ! Studies on breeding of tilapia in tanks, rearing of fry in nursery tanks, rearing of fry in nursery
Table 1. Experimental production data of tilapia species Table 1. Experimental production data of tilapia species cultured in brackishwater brackishwater ponds ponds cultured in Species Salinity Stocking Harvest Culture Growth Survival Production Species Salinity Stocking Harvest Culture Growth Survival Production (ppt ppt) ) Density Size Size Period Rate (%) (kg/ha) ( Density Size Size Period Rate (%) (kg/ha) (no./m 2 2 ) ) (g) (g) (days) (g/day) (no./m (g) (g) (days) (g/day) O. mossambicus mossambicus 13.7- - 0.4 16.7 107.2 80 1.13 100 430.6 O. 13.7 0.4 16.7 107.2 80 1.13 100 430.6 53.7 53.7 (manually- -sexed sexed (manually male) male) O. niloticus niloticus 14- -35 35 1 4.1 125.5 90 1.34 82 1,005 O. 14 1 4.1 125.5 90 1.34 82 1,005 (mixed- -sex) sex) (mixed Red Tilapia Red Tilapia 31.5- 31.5 - 1 1 8.4 8.4 179 179 120 120 1.41 1.41 82.7 82.7 1,384.9 1,384.9 32.1 32.1 (mixed- (mixed -sex) sex) Sources: Fortes and Villa (1975), Corre (1981) and Fortes (1987)
Assessment : Assessment : ! O. ! O. mossambicus mossambicus had the highest tolerance to had the highest tolerance to salinity followed by the red tilapia (hybrid) and O. O. salinity followed by the red tilapia (hybrid) and niloticus. . niloticus ! O. ! O. niloticus niloticus had the best growth in had the best growth in brackishwater brackishwater ponds followed by the red tilapia and O. O. ponds followed by the red tilapia and mossambicus. . mossambicus ! The highest production was with red tilapia. ! The highest production was with red tilapia. 1990s 1990s ! Production trials by the private sector showed that ! Production trials by the private sector showed that sex- -reversed reversed O. O. mossambicus mossambicus had good growth had good growth sex rate (2.2 g/day). rate (2.2 g/day). ! Highest production was achieved with the all ! Highest production was achieved with the all- -male male hybrid of O. O. mossambicus mossambicus x O. x O. hornorum hornorum. . hybrid of
Table 2. Commercial culture production data of tilapia Table 2. Commercial culture production data of tilapia species in brackishwater brackishwater ponds ponds species in Species Salinity Stocking Harvest Culture Growth Survival Production Species Salinity Stocking Harvest Culture Growth Survival Production (ppt ppt) ) Density Size Size Period Rate (%) (kg/ha) ( Density Size Size Period Rate (%) (kg/ha) (no./m 2 2 ) ) (g) (g) (days) (g/day) (no./m (g) (g) (days) (g/day) a 2,269 a O. mossambicus mossambicus 20- -35 35 1.5 1.5 275 125 2.2 82.5 O. 20 1.5 1.5 275 125 2.2 82.5 2,269 (sex- -reversed) reversed) (sex b 6,000 b O. Mossambicus Mossambicus 25- -35 35 1 1.5 305 182 1.7 86 O. 25 1 1.5 305 182 1.7 86 6,000 x O. niloticus niloticus x O. (sex- -reversed) reversed) (sex a 10,000 a O. Mossambicus Mossambicus 22 10 1.5 300 180 1.6 80 O. 22 10 1.5 300 180 1.6 80 10,000 x. O. hornorum hornorum x. O. a With feeding only Sources: Corre (pers, comm b With fertilization and feeding Guerrero and Cornejo (1994 Guerrero (1999)
! Experimental cage culture of sex ! Experimental cage culture of sex- -reversed hybrid reversed hybrid of O. mossambicus mossambicus x O. x O. niloticus niloticus in a in a of O. brackishwater river river brackishwater
Table 3. Experimental production data of hybrid tilapia cage Table 3. Experimental production data of hybrid tilapia cage cultured in brackishwater brackishwater river river cultured in Species Salinity Stocking Harvest Culture Growth Survival Production Species Salinity Stocking Harvest Culture Growth Survival Production (ppt ppt) ) Density Size Size Period Rate (%) (kg/ha) ( Density Size Size Period Rate (%) (kg/ha) (no./m 2 2 ) ) (g) (g) (days) (g/day) (no./m (g) (g) (days) (g/day) O. Mossambicus Mossambicus 15- -30 30 200 5 186 108 1.7 86 32 O. 15 200 5 186 108 1.7 86 32 a niloticus a x. O. niloticus x. O. O. Mossambicus Mossambicus 28 200 24 317 103 2.8 80 63 O. 28 200 24 317 103 2.8 80 63 b niloticus b x. O. niloticus x. O. a Iloilo strain Source: Dureza et. al. (1994) b Laguna Strain Assessment : Assessment : Cage trials showed potential for commercial culture. Cage trials showed potential for commercial culture.
! ! Use of Tilapia for “Green Water” in Shrimp Culture Use of Tilapia for “Green Water” in Shrimp Culture ! ! For control of vibriosis vibriosis disease of disease of Penaeus Penaeus monodon monodon in in For control of brackishwater ponds ponds brackishwater ! ! Culture of tilapia hybrids (e.g., red tilapia, O. O. Culture of tilapia hybrids (e.g., red tilapia, mossambicus x O. x O. niloticus niloticus and and O. O. mossambicus mossambicus x O. x O. mossambicus hornorum in cages within the pond or in separate in cages within the pond or in separate hornorum ponds ponds ! ! “Manuring Manuring effect” induces phytoplankton bloom of effect” induces phytoplankton bloom of “ beneficial green algae like Chlorella Chlorella that suppresses that suppresses beneficial green algae like luminous bacteria (e.g., Vibrio Vibrio harveyi harveyi ) ) luminous bacteria (e.g.,
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