Facts of harmful algal blooms (HABs) Yasuwo Fukuyo Professor - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Facts of harmful algal blooms (HABs) Yasuwo Fukuyo Professor Asian Natural Environmental Science Center The University of Tokyo 2012.3.19 Nha Trang, Vietnam

Scientists working together on HABs under WESTPAC/IOC/UNESCO, ORI/JSPS, NOWPAP/UNEP and some other frameworks. Yogyakarta, Indonesia August 2007

Harmful Algal Bloom Bloom: increase of number of organisms in a certain volume of water as a consequence of biological, physical and chemical environmental condition, including those derived from organisms themselves

Regular phytoplankton (microalgae) community Some of them have an ability to grow very fast, i.e. one cell division in every 4-6 hours. One cells becomes more than thousand in 2-3 days.

Red tide plankton community One drop of discolored water by Cochlodinium polykrikoides in the Gulf of Thailand

Toxic plankton community Several toxic plankton occurs simultaneously. Cell numbers are not high.

HAB?: definition is difficult Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) is a generic term used to refer events where proliferations of microalgae in marine or brackish waters can cause 1. massive fish kills (often associated w/ RT), 2. toxin contamination in seafood (TAB), and 3. alternation of ecosystems in ways that humans perceive as harmful. (GEOHAB, 2000) Cell number causing HABs are very different between RT and TAB

3. alternation of ecosystems Honjo 2003 Turner et al. 1998

1. Red tide 2. Toxic plankton bloom

1. Red tide

Red tides 1

Red tides 2 Australia, Noctiluca Japan, Noctiluca Thailand, Noctiluca

Germany, Nodularia Japan, Karenia Red tides 3

Red tides 4 Australia, Gephyrocapsa Color of red tide can be classified in Reddish (incl. dark red, red, pink, yellow red), Brownish (incl. reddish brown, yellow brown, grayish brown), Yellowish (incl. reddish yellow, brownish yellow), Greenish (incl. yellow green), and others (white and grey).

The color varies depending on growth stage algae. Finland, cyanobacteria

The color and appearance change by nature of red tide. Subsurface red tide by Chattonella antiqua detected by change of color made by propeller of fishing boats running at red tide area

Red tide plankton community Usually more than Red Tide 50 different species 1 or 2 species dominant can be found Pyrodinium bahamense Cochlodinium polykrikoides

How many causative species can we count ? Adachi 1972: 41 species Seto Inland Sea Coordination Office 1992-2000: 46 spec Fukuyo 1992: 48 species of dinoflagellates Number of causative species must be more than 80.

Frequent causative organisms (genus) and red tide case number in western Japan in 1992-2000 Genus names 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total Noctiluca 31 39 25 18 25 30 24 16 29 237 Gymnodinium 17 10 15 23 32 23 6 8 18 152 Heterosigma 22 22 19 14 12 17 16 15 14 151 Mesodinium 3 6 4 6 3 29 11 18 6 86 Skeletonema 5 10 6 10 8 8 13 9 10 79 Prorocentrum 8 8 5 7 4 13 4 16 9 74 Gonyaulax 0 7 4 3 0 1 15 2 1 33 Chaetoceros 1 3 4 2 4 4 4 2 6 30 Chattonella 3 3 1 3 0 5 2 7 3 27 Thalassiosira 2 0 6 1 2 0 1 6 4 22 Heterocapsa 1 1 0 1 1 4 4 5 1 18 Alexandrium 2 0 2 3 0 2 0 5 0 14 Leptocylindrus 1 0 2 2 1 1 3 0 4 14 dinoflagellates 562/1011 Pseudo-Nitzschia 1 1 4 0 1 3 3 0 0 13 Ceratium 1 1 0 1 6 3 0 0 0 12

High number Lower number Higher and smaller Het.a 476,700 Ak.sa 112 cell number (cells/ml) Het.a 390,000 Noc.s 100 in a red tide water Noc.s 100 Het.a 300,000 (among 762 cases) Noc.s 100 Het.a 298,000 Noc.s 100 Het.a 298,000 Noc.s 100 Het.a 258,000 C.a 95 Het.a: Heterosigma akashiwo diatom 240,000 Noc.s 75 Pr.d: Prorocentrum “dentatum” Pr.ｄ 209,000 Kar.m: Karenia mikimotoi Noc.s 75 Kar.m 160,000 Gon.ma: Gonyaulax polygramma Noc.s 75 Gon.ma 158,500 Het.a 50 Ak. sa: Akashiwo sanguinea Het.a 153,000 Noc.s 50 Noc. s: Noctiluca scintillans Het.a 147,150 C.a 50 C.a: Chattonella amtiqua Het.a 135,000 Coc. sp . 26 Cos. sp. : Coscinodiscus sp. Het.a 130,000 Noc.s 24 Noc.s 20 Het.a 128,000 Noc.s 10 Het.a 120,000

coverage of area (km 2 ) of Smaller RT Larger RT Mes.r 0.0300 Ske.c 1,360.0000 red tide (among 455 cases) Noc.s 0.0300 Ske.c 1,288.0000 > 1,000 km 2 : 4 cases Noc.s 0.0200 Ske.c 1,040.0000 > 800 : 3 Noc.s 0.0200 Ske.c 1,040.0000 > 50 : 33 > 600 : 14 Per.q 0.0200 Noc.s 900.0000 > 10 : 64 > 400 : 18 > 5 : 36 Noc.s 0.0190 Ske.c 890.0000 > 200 : 53 > 1 :104 Noc.s 0.0160 Lep.d 828.0000 > 100 : 43 < 1 : 83 Noc.s 0.0100 Lep.m 750.0000 Noc.s 0.0100 Gon.ma 750.0000 A half of RTs is < 10 km 2 Mes.r 0.0100 Ske.c 720.0000 Ske. c: Skeletonema costatum Pr.d 0.0050 Ske.c 675.0000 Noc. s: Noctiluca scintillans Noc.s 0.0050 Ske.c 672.0000 Lep. d: Leptocylindrus danicus Gon.ma: Gonyaulax polygramma Kar.m 0.0040 Kar.m 660.0000 Kar. m: Karenia mikimotoi Noc.s 0.0020 Het.a 650.0000 Mes. r: Mesodinium rubeum C.m 0.0020 Ske.c 644.0000 Noc. s: Noctiluca scintillans C. m: Chattonella marina Noc.s 0.0005 Ske.c 640.0000 Per. q . : Peridinium quinquecorne

Frequency of red tide duration (among 1020 cases) Case Total A half of Ts is < 4 days RT Days number 1 276 16 13 31 3 46 1 64 1 2 111 17 13 32 5 47 1 65 2 3 74 18 12 33 2 69 1 48 1 4 56 517 19 14 34 1 49 1 71 1 5 51 20 8 35 1 50 4 72 3 6 34 21 7 36 5 51 0 76 1 642 7 40 22 20 37 3 80 1 52 2 8 49 23 3 38 2 81 1 53 1 9 23 24 3 39 0 85 1 54 1 10 14 728 25 6 40 4 87 1 55 1 11 23 26 1 41 0 94 1 56 0 12 16 27 7 42 1 97 1 57 1 13 16 28 3 43 2 99 1 58 2 14 15 29 7 44 1 106 101 1 59 0 15 25 823 30 9 45 2 5 60 1 Total

What is the definition of “red tide” ? water discoloration What is the color of red tides ? variable How many species can we find in red tide water ? 1 How many causative species (genus) can we count ? 80 How many red tide number can we observe? 200 What is the highest cell number in red tide water ? 10 – 47,670 cells/ml How much area did red tides cover ? 0.0005 – 1,36 km 2 How many days did red tides last ? 1-106 days Red tide is easy to define, but its actual condition is so variable and difficult to draw typical figure.

Red Tide Red tide: discoloration of water by high concentration of planktonic microalgae Red tides occurring off shore may not be harmful. But we have to observe Noctiluca in Thailand change of fish catch (whether wild fish run away e.g. decrease of catch), mental impact to people (decrease of purchase) to confirm harmfulness. Noctiluca in Spain Nodularia in Germany

Red Tide Red tides occurring near shore sometimes cause mass mortality of fish, especially in cages. Therefore they are sometimes harmful. Gymnodinium in Japan Noctiluca in Japan by Chattonella in Japan

Red Tide: Harmful Mass mortality of fish by Cochlodinium in Korea by Chattonella in Japan by Karenia in Hong Kong

Red Tide: sometimes harmful to shellfish also Mass mortality of shellfish

Red Tide Photosynthetic microalgae uptake nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous compounds) and reduce eutrophication in a rather short time …… Useful ! Diatom red tide prevents wide occurrence of raphidophyte red tide in time and area … Useful ! But sometimes, some species kills marine fauna and flora, especially those being cultivated in aquaculture cages (those not being able to escape). …… .Harmful ! All microalgae have potential to become harmful. Harmfulness occurs depending on environment. In Japan ca. 10% red tides (1/10 cases) are harmful.

Example on Blooming mechanism Chattonella (raphidophyte) Cyst maker; cyst germination regulated by temperature; simultaneous germination; grow well under high nutrient condition (easily adapt to eutrophic condition)

Example on Spreading mechanism Heterocapsa makes temporary cyst which can survive inside shells for a day during trans- plantation of bivalves.

350 20 Production of yellow tail fish by aquaculture (x 1,000t) 赤潮発生件数 Red tide case number 300 ブリ類養殖収穫量（10,000 t） Yellow tail fish Production 15 Red tide case number 250 Parallel increase of 収穫量（10,000 t） 赤潮発生件数 red tide occurrences 200 and yellow tail fish 10 aquaculture industry are obvious. 150 100 No data on 5 red tide case 50 0 0 1950 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 2000 年次 Closer observation of red tide cases 瀬戸内海における赤潮発生件数と漁業被害件数の推移 between 1968 and 2000

‘70 ‘75 ‘80 ‘85 ‘90 ‘95 ‘00 In the early stage red tides with After the early stage red tides fisheries damages occupied with fisheries damages occupied nearly half of the cases. almost 10% of the case number.