Biotrickling fjltration as sustainable technology for biogas upgrading to renewable fuel Eric Santos-Clotas* , Alba Cabrera-Codony, Ellana Boada, Frederic Gich, Maria J. Martin *eric.santos@udg.edu 28 th June, 2019 7 th International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management
CONTENTS Introduction Objectives Materials and Methods Results Conclusions 1
Introductio Conclusions Objectives Materials & Methods Results n Renewable - Chemical stability energies VOLATILE METHYL - Hydrophobicity SILOXANES - Low surface tension - Aroma free D Si - Exempts from VOC L Si regulations SILOXANES [10 - 100 mg m -3 ] Volatile organic compounds Wastewater Hydrogen treatment Energetic valorisation of sulphide [1,000 – 20,000 ppm v ] biogas plant Heat and electricity Gas grid injection Car fuel Combustion reactions: Siloxanes CH 4 CO 2 SiO 2 Build-up of silica layers Landfjlls Abrasion of engine parts Inhibits conduction/lubrication Anaerobic digestion BIOGAS 2
Introductio Conclusions Objectives Materials & Methods Results n Siloxan Energy recovery BIOGAS H 2 S H 2 O es system Adsorption [Steam- AC] Alternative technologies High removal effjciency Reduce investment and operation costs Biotrickling fjlter Increment treatment capacities Mature technology Frequent replacement Low energy and chemicals demand of exhausted material Disposal of spend carbon as hazardous Scarce reports at LABSCALE waste 40% D4 removal at EBRT 20 min (Popat & Deshusses 2008) OPERATING Low mass transfer due to low water COSTS solubility EBRT s that high would not be viable at industrial scale 3
Introduction Objectives Conclusions Materials & Methods Results Anoxic biodegradation of siloxane D4 in a lab-scale I biotrickling fjlter. Co-treatment of siloxanes and other biogas impurities in II the BTF Infmuence of the EBRT upon the compounds removal in III order to optimize the performance of the system. Role of an activated carbon layer enhancing the mass IV transfer of water insoluble compounds 4
Introduction Materials & Conclusions Objectives Results Methods Stage Period C- EBRT Packing [days] Source [min] media I 0-42 D4 14.5 Lava rock Operating -1 43-85 Multi 14.5 Lava rock conditions -2 86-107 Multi 10.1 Lava rock -3 108- Multi 7.3 Lava rock II 128 Supplementation of -4 129- Multi 4 Lava rock the packing bed with 152 20% of a Wood-based H 3 PO 4 - ACTIVATED III 153- Multi 12 Lava 186 rock+AC CARBON IV 187- Multi 2 AC Biotrickling 207 fjlter Solubilit Inlet MW Compoun Formula y conc. [g mol - d 1 ] [mg L -1 ] [mg m -3 ] 86 9.5 375 ± 18 Hexane Experiment al set up Anoxic conditions NO 3 - 92 526 24 ± 2 T oluene 136 13.8 220 ± 11 Limonene 297 0.056 54 ± 3 D4 371 0.017 102 ± 4 D5 5
Introduction Materials & Conclusions Objectives Results Methods Stage Period C- EBRT Packing Analytical [days] Source [min] media procedures Gas streams – Gas I 0-42 D4 14.5 Lava rock chromatography Operating -1 43-85 Multi 14.5 Lava rock - Flame Ionization detector conditions -2 86-107 Multi 10.1 Lava rock (FID) -3 108- Multi 7.3 Lava rock - II Mass spectrometry (MS) Silicon compounds 128 - T otal Silica: Inductively coupled -4 129- Multi 4 Lava rock plasma-optical emission 152 spectroscopy (ICP-OES) III 153- Multi 12 Lava - Silicic acid: colorimetric test NO 3 - , NO 2 - : Ion chromatography with conductivity 186 rock+AC detector IV 187- Multi 2 AC Biotrickling Biomass: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 207 fjlter Solubilit Inlet MW Compoun Formula y conc. [g mol - d 1 ] [mg L -1 ] [mg m -3 ] 86 9.5 375 ± 18 Hexane Experiment al set up 92 526 24 ± 2 T oluene 136 13.8 220 ± 11 Limonene 297 0.056 54 ± 3 D4 371 0.017 102 ± 4 D5 6
Introduction Conclusions Objectives Materials & Methods Results BTF operation – stage I: D4 only Average 14% removal effjciency SEM analysis of the lava rock BTF operation – stage II: multicompound Limonene and toluene 100% RE at all EBRT s Max. 16% RE of hexane at longest EBRT D5 RE from 15 to 37% at EBRT 4 to 14.5 min D4 removal ranged 8-14% A Rem oval effj c ie n c y [%] 7 EBRT [min] Hexane T oluene D4 Limonene
Introduction Conclusions Objectives Materials & Methods Results BTF operation – role of the 400 Hexane AC Concentration [mg m-3] 300 BTF packing bed supplemented with activated 200 carbon After 20 days: 100 - D5 and hexane REs increased up to 45 and 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 44%, respectively Time [min] - Higher presence of silanediols, catalytic AC Activated carbon SEM images AFTER 30 BEFORE days 8
Introduction Conclusions Objectives Materials & Methods Results TRICKLING RECIRCULATION 5 METABOLITES h IDENTIFICATION ON OFF ON Metabolite Formula MW Analytical T oluene [g mol -1 ] ions m/z 1,0 150 A Metabolite GC area [µV·min] [abundance ] 0,8 120 BTF operation with lava Dimethylsilan 92 77 [99.9] rock at EBRT 10 min 0,6 90 45 [14.6] ediol [DMSD] C/C0 78 [6.6] 0,4 60 T etramethyl- 166 133 [99.9] 151 [71.2] 1,3- 0,2 30 135 [22.6] disiloxanediol Hexamethyl- 240 207 [99.9] 0,0 0 208 [21.1] 1,5- 209 [17.0] trisiloxanediol B 0,8 Metabolite GC area [µV·min] 93 [99.9] 120 2-careen 136 121 [96.8] 0,6 136 [66.9] 90 121 [99.9] α-terpinene 136 C/C0 93 [84.7] BTF operation with 0,4 60 136 [42.6] AC at EBRT 2 min 119 [99.9] P-cymene 134 0,2 30 91 [34.7] 134 [23.8] 0,0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time [hours] 9
Introduction Conclusion Objectives Materials & Methods Results s - A complete removal of toluene and limonene was accomplished by an anoxic lab-scale BTF inoculated with Pseudomonas sp . even at short EBRTs . - The removal of hexane, D4 and D5 was correlated to their Henry’s law coeffjcients, which indicated that mass transfer limitations challenged their abatement in the BTF . The supplementation of the BTF packing bed with Activated Carbon enhanced - the transference of hexane and D5 to the microbial community. AC supplementation enabled BTF operation at reduced EBRTs while displaying a high - robustness towards interruptions in the trickling irrigation. 10
Biotrickling fjltration as sustainable technology for biogas upgrading to renewable fuel Thank you for your attention! 28 th June, 2019 7 th International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management
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